It’s not difficult to quickly pamper your family with an excellent dessert. To do this, just bake pancakes with kefir and serve them with the appropriate “side dish”. Usually, every housewife already has a favorite version of this simple dish in her arsenal, but our article offers a whole selection of time-tested delicious recipes. How to make fluffy pancakes with kefir, using yeast, with apples, bananas or green onions? Our article will tell you about all the secrets.

It is no longer possible to find the name of the discoverer who guessed to make such pancakes. You can find a similar dish in any cuisine in the world, of course with a local twist. Traditionally, pancakes or pancakes are considered an original Russian heritage, so many are skeptical about such a familiar dish. On the other hand, the gastronomic delights available to modern people can easily be used to diversify and improve this simple dessert.

The dough for kefir pancakes is ready in a matter of minutes, so they are ideal for a quick breakfast or as an option for unexpected guests. The main role here can be given to the appropriate “accompaniment”, for example, serving pancakes to the table not only with the usual jam, condensed milk or honey, but preparing a separate sauce or surprising with an unimaginable combination with ice cream, curd cream or fruit mousse.

Pancakes are also good as a cold snack. At the same time, they can be both an independent dish and a component of a complex dessert.

Recipes for kefir pancakes amaze with their variety; the dough can be prepared on almost any basis. The advantage of fermented milk products will be speed, because you won’t have to wait for the dough to rise, but you can start making it right away. There are also tricks here to make the pancakes tasty and fluffy.

• If possible and desired, kefir can be replaced with any suitable fermented milk product, even sour milk.
• All ingredients must be mixed well, otherwise lumps of flour will appear and the taste will be spoiled.
• To make the pancakes thicker, you can make the dough with yeast, but for this the remaining ingredients must be warm.
• Pancakes made with sour kefir are much tastier, so you can use a product that is no longer suitable for other purposes.
• Flour in recipes can be replaced with semolina porridge. For convenience, you can cook semolina in advance and add it to the dough when it has cooled.
• A little cocoa powder in the dough would also be appropriate. And in order to get a beautiful chocolate color, it must be combined with vegetable oil. Otherwise you will end up with an unappetizing earthy shade.
• Pancakes must be fried in a preheated frying pan with a fairly thick bottom.
• When the pancakes are browned on both sides, place them on a cloth or paper napkin to remove excess oil.
• Can be served hot or as a cold appetizer.

Usually this dish always turns out well, and with a convenient enough frying pan, you can quickly fry pancakes for an easy breakfast. The calorie content of such a dish is low, especially if you use a little oil and remove the excess from the finished pancakes.

Traditionally, pancakes are considered a sweet dish, but there are many recipes where they are prepared with other ingredients.

Classic step-by-step recipe for pancakes with kefir

An easy way to make simple pancakes. Even an inexperienced housewife can handle this option with a bang. As usual, for baking, the required amount is calculated based on the liquid used in the dough, so if necessary, the portion can be increased in direct proportion.

Required ingredients:

• A glass of kefir;
• Two eggs;
• Sugar - 3 – 5 tablespoons;
• Flour - 1.5 - 2 cups;
• Soda and salt ½ teaspoons each;
• Vegetable oil for frying and in the dough - 1 tablespoon.

How to cook:

1. In a suitable sized container, beat eggs and sugar.
2. Then add kefir and mix.
3. Heat the mixture slightly until the sugar dissolves completely.
4. Sift the flour, gradually adding it to the mixture.
5. Add oil, salt and soda.
6. Mix the mixture well so that there are no lumps.
7. Heat a frying pan with oil on the stove.
8. Once the oil is hot, add the dough (it’s convenient to do this with a tablespoon) and fry, turning on both sides.
9. Place the finished pancakes on a napkin to remove excess oil.
10. Serve with honey, jam or sour cream.

To make the pancakes thicker, the dough for fluffy pancakes with kefir must be started with slightly heated ingredients.

If desired, you can add vanilla sugar, cinnamon or other favorite spices. A successful recipe for fluffy kefir pancakes without yeast necessarily requires a fairly dense dough consistency, otherwise they will “spread” in the pan.

Recipes for delicious and fluffy kefir pancakes

To prepare delicious and fluffy pancakes, use the recipes that we have specially collected for you. We hope you like them.

Lush pancakes made with kefir and yeast

The traditional recipe can be slightly modified and yeast can be used instead of soda. This option will take a little longer, but the result will be appropriate.

Yeast pancakes made with kefir are distinguished by their fluffiness and “airy” structure.

Required ingredients:

• Milk - 350 ml;
• Two eggs;
• Baker's yeast - 20 grams;
• Oil in the dough - 70 grams, leave the rest for frying;
• Flour to the desired consistency;
• Sugar - 50 grams;
• A little salt.

How to cook:

1. Heat the milk to a comfortable temperature.
2. Crumble the yeast and leave the dough to rise a little.
3. Mix pre-beaten eggs, sugar, salt, butter and sifted flour.
4. Leave the dough to rise while you heat the pan.
5. Fry in quite a lot of oil so that the pancakes cook evenly.
6. Place on a plate and allow excess oil to drain off.

Pancakes made with kefir and yeast turn out thick and fluffy. For those housewives who feel unsure with yeast dough, it is better to first practice with soda. After a positive result, preparing pancakes with kefir and yeast will not seem such a difficult task.

Pancakes with green onions on kefir

Not too sweet pancakes have a piquant taste, which can be served instead of boring sandwiches. Additionally, you can experiment with meat or fish filling.

Such pancakes can be prepared with yeast dough and using soda.

Required ingredients:

• A glass of flour and kefir;
• One egg;
• Bunch of onions;
• Oil for frying.

How to cook:

1. Wash the onion, dry and finely chop.
2. Knead the dough from the remaining ingredients to the consistency of thick sour cream.
3. Add chopped onion and stir.
4. Fry in a frying pan with oil.

These pancakes are served as cold appetizers, as well as the basis of sandwiches. The original presentation and addition of spices will make the pancakes an unforgettable “signature” dish for any housewife.

Oat pancakes with kefir

The original recipe includes Hercules-type cereal. You can add grated carrots or apple to the mixture. The flakes can be crushed a little or simply poured with warm kefir to soften.

Required ingredients:

• Kefir - 0.5 liters;
• Three eggs;
• Flakes - 200 grams;
• Flour (preferably oatmeal) - 2 cups;
• Carrot or apple - 1 piece;
• Sugar - 2 tablespoons;
• Salt and soda - 0.5 teaspoon;
• Oil in the dough - 4-5 tablespoons, leave the rest for frying.

How to cook:

1. In a suitable container, pour warm kefir over the oatmeal and leave until it swells.
2. Meanwhile, grate the carrots on a fine grater. You can use apple or both.
3. Mix the swollen flakes with sugar, butter, salt and soda.
4. Add grated carrots (apple) and mix.
5. Fry in a frying pan on both sides.

Incredibly tasty kefir pancakes are obtained if you use a sour apple, for example, the Semerenko variety, together with oatmeal. In this case, you need to add a little more sugar. If you are using grated carrots, this is not necessary.

Banana pancakes with kefir

These pancakes have an unusual taste, and children especially love them. Adding banana pulp to the dough gives it an exquisite aroma and indescribable taste. For optimal consistency, it is necessary to use overripe fruits, the pulp of which must first be crushed in a blender.

Required ingredients:

• A glass of kefir;
• Two eggs;
• Sugar - 2 tablespoons;
• Flour -2 cups;
• Banana - 2 medium fruits;
• Salt and soda - 0.5 teaspoon;
• Vegetable oil for frying.

How to cook:

1. Separately, mix kefir with salt, soda and sugar.
2. Add the banana, softened with a fork, to the mixture and mix.
3. Add flour and stir.
4. Fry on both sides over medium heat.

It is advisable to serve kefir pancakes with banana with a special sauce. To do this, mix the softened pulp with sour cream and pour on top of the pancakes. Such a tandem will not leave anyone indifferent!

Kefir pancakes with apples

Adding an apple guarantees increased interest among household members and an incredibly delicate taste. It is better to take sour apples, for example, those that have been lying in the refrigerator. The sourness will add a certain piquancy, but to adjust the taste, it is advisable to add a little more sugar than usual.

Required ingredients:

• Kefir - 500 ml;
• Three eggs;
• Three medium sour apples;
• Sugar - 100 grams;
• Flour to the desired consistency;
• Oil in dough - 100 ml;
• Cinnamon and salt to taste.

How to cook:

1. Beat eggs and sugar.
2. Add kefir, oil, spices and salt.
3. Add sifted flour in small portions.
4. Throw in soda (you can use baking powder for dough).
5. Peel and core the apples.
6. You can use a grater to chop the fruit, or you can simply cut it into cubes or thin slices.
7. Add apples to the dough and fry in a frying pan.

An indescribable aroma is obtained by adding cinnamon to apple pancakes. This spice perfectly highlights the taste of the apple and also awakens the appetite. You can also use ginger and vanilla.

Pancakes in the oven with kefir

A slightly unconventional method of preparation makes this dish extremely suitable for dietary and baby food. Thus, you can reduce the calorie content of the dish, and also pamper the youngest gourmets.

Mix the yolk and protein mass.

Add kefir, soda and salt, vanilla.

Add sifted flour in small portions, achieving homogeneity of the mass.

Preheat the oven to 180 – 200 ºС.

Carefully place the pancakes on a greased baking sheet and immediately place in the oven.

With this cooking method, there is no need to turn the pancakes over.

Bake until completely done, check with a toothpick, just like regular baked goods.

You can also use special molds, as well as the now popular silicone mats. Diet pancakes with kefir can also be prepared on parchment, but the consistency of the dough should hold its shape well.

Fluffy kefir pancakes without eggs

The main secret of success is the correct sequence of adding ingredients. It is also very important to use slightly warmed kefir, and completely dissolve all other components.

At the very end, add soda.

Fry in heated vegetable oil.

Kefir pancakes without eggs have an excellent taste; they are best served hot with your favorite jam.

Fluffy and delicious kefir pancakes are a favorite dish, the taste of which has been familiar since childhood. Preparing this dessert does not take much time, and the result is always pleasing. To make kefir pancakes you need to learn some tricks and also choose the appropriate recipe. Many nuances of successful preparation and suitable recipes are given in our article, but the best option will be your imagination and desire to experiment with ordinary products, creating another culinary masterpiece.

Making classic kefir pancakes is not difficult even for a novice housewife. According to this recipe, the pancakes turn out fluffy, rosy, with a good airy structure.

Prepare all the products on the list at once.

Pour warm kefir into a bowl. To do this, we either take the kefir out of the refrigerator in advance and leave it at room temperature for half an hour, or heat it in the microwave for 30-40 seconds, no longer.

Beat a chicken egg into the kefir.

Pour granulated sugar, vanilla sugar and salt into a bowl.

Using a whisk, lightly beat the mixture so that the egg disperses in the kefir and mixes with sugar and salt.

Mix flour and baking soda in a sieve and sift them together into a bowl.

Add flour in portions to the dough and knead the dough - a little thicker than sour cream.

This is the kind of pancake dough we should get. Let the dough rest for 10-15 minutes.

We don’t mix the dough anymore. Use a spoon to scoop it up from one edge of the bowl and place it in a frying pan with heated vegetable oil. Fry the pancakes for 2 minutes on one side.

Then turn over and fry for 1.5 minutes on the other side.

Place the finished pancakes on a paper towel to absorb excess oil. Fry the pancakes until the dough is finished.

Serve ready-made classic kefir pancakes with sour cream or jam. You can serve them with honey, caramel or chocolate syrup.

I served my pancakes with apricot jam.

Bon appetit!

Pancakes made with kefir are a fairly filling and tasty breakfast. They can be eaten on their own or mixed with cottage cheese, jam, and jam. Many housewives practice adding apples or zucchini to the dough, resulting in a universal lunch for all family members. Lush pancakes can be made with the addition of yeast, but there are recipes without it. Let's talk about the intricacies of cooking.

1. Delicious dough products are based on quality flour, so take care of it first. Sift 3-5 times to saturate with oxygen. As a result, the dough will rise quickly and evenly, and the pancakes will turn out fluffy. They are often prepared on a wheat basis, but you can combine several types of flour (corn, oat, wheat, rye, buckwheat, etc.).
2. Before the main manipulations, make sure that all products used to prepare pancakes are at the same temperature. This does not apply to eggs; they need to be beaten cold to make the final dish more fluffy.
3. If your goal is to make kefir-based pancakes tender and fluffy, then make the dough correctly. The consistency should resemble thick sour cream so that the final product does not spread in the pan.
4. Depending on the taste and aroma of the pancake you want, you can add additional ingredients. Finely chop the dill or add dried apricots, vanillin, raisins, and fruit. Additional components that are too liquid will not work.
5. The fat content of kefir directly affects the final result. The fatter it is, the better for you. It is also advisable to buy a homemade product, sour, as natural as possible.
6. The pancake dough should sit for a while. After kneading, wait about half an hour, sending the container with the contents to a warm place. After infusion, the dough does not need to be stirred again; proceed to frying immediately.

Pancakes using classical technology

• granulated sugar - 25-40 gr.
• sifted flour - 700 gr.
• egg - 1 pc.
• vanilla sugar - optional
• sour kefir - 0.5 l.
• salt - to taste
• baking powder - 1 sachet

1. Break the cooled egg into a bowl and work with a whisk (mixer) to get a thick foam. Add a little salt, one pinch will be enough. Add granulated sugar in the amount according to the recipe, beat again.
2. Pour kefir into a saucepan, place on the stove, simmer until boiling (temperature approximately 90 degrees). Stir the contents while simmering.
3. When the fermented milk product begins to curl into flakes, add vanilla sugar (optional) and slowly add flour in small portions (not all).
4. Now cool the contents in the saucepan, pour into a container with eggs, sugar, and salt. Mix vigorously, avoiding the egg mass from curdling. Add the remaining flour, add baking powder.
5. Stir the mixture until small bubbles begin to appear vigorously. In the end, the dough will turn out thick, it will not fall off the spoon, but will only drain slowly.
6. You don’t need to send all the flour at once, add 400 grams, then, if necessary, the rest until you achieve the desired consistency. After cooking, let the dough sit in a warm place for half an hour and start frying.
7. Pour olive or sunflower oil into a frying pan, spread the dough with a tablespoon, it’s more convenient. Reduce the heat to medium and allow the pancake to brown on one side.
8. When bubbles appear at the top of the batter, flip the pancake over. Turn on the burner to a mark between minimum and medium, cover the frying pan with a lid, wait 2 minutes.
9. That's it, the first portion is ready. Place it on paper towels so that all the fat is absorbed. If necessary, add oil to the pan and start frying the second portion.

Yeast pancakes

• kefir - 1 l.
• sifted flour - 750 gr.
• granulated sugar - 50 gr.
• salt - 3 gr.
• yeast - 25 gr.
• chicken egg - 2 pcs.

1. Pour kefir into a suitable container and heat to 50 degrees, add yeast, granulated sugar and salt. Leave the mixture for 10 minutes to infuse.
2. Now beat the eggs. Send them into the kefir mass when it has cooled a little. Sift the flour 4 times, add it in small portions and beat at the same time.
3. When the dough reaches the desired homogeneity, let it rise for half an hour. Heat a frying pan with vegetable oil, add the dough with a tablespoon.
4. First, the pancakes are fried for 2 minutes on one side at medium power, then turned over and simmered for another 2 minutes under the lid. Finally, place them on a paper towel to remove any grease.

• granulated sugar - 50 gr.
• natural kefir, sour - 250 ml.
• premium flour - 220 gr.
• baking soda - 15 gr.
• vegetable oil (in dough) - 30 ml.

1. It is a mistake to believe that lush pancakes are obtained only with the addition of eggs. If you don't have them, consider this recipe. First you need to prepare all the ingredients for the dough.
2. Take a container in which you will mix and beat the ingredients. Mix kefir with granulated sugar, butter and salt in this bowl, beat thoroughly.
3. To make the pancakes really fluffy, you need to sift the flour 5 times. Then it is introduced in small parts, mixed with soda. At the same time, all components are whipped.
4. The amount of flour indicated in the recipe is approximate. You can increase or decrease it to get a thicker consistency. It should fall slowly from the spoon and not run off like water.
5. Break up the ingredients to eliminate any lumps. Start frying by heating a frying pan with oil. Drop the dough by the tablespoon and fry in a hot frying pan for 2 minutes.
6. Then turn the pancakes over and simmer over medium heat for another 1.5-2 minutes. Place on a plate lined with paper napkins.

Curd pancakes

• cottage cheese - 240 gr.
• kefir - 460 ml.
• egg - 2 pcs.
• baking powder - 15 gr.
• sugar - 60 gr.
• flour - 750 gr.
• vegetable oil - for frying

1. Mix kefir and baking powder in a cup. If a violent reaction is not observed, add a little more bulk mixture and a small amount of baking soda. At the same time, separate the yolks from the whites and add a pinch of salt to the latter.
2. Beat the whites until a thick foam forms. For convenience, use a mixer. Combine the yolks with granulated sugar and mix thoroughly until white and homogeneous. Combine the last mixture with cottage cheese. Add kefir to the same mixture.
3. Knead the mixture and gradually add flour. The result should be a thick dough. At the end, start adding the protein mixture. Next, you can start frying the curd pancakes. Don't forget to use vegetable oil.
4. Heat the frying pan with the sunflower product, scoop out the dough with a large spoon and send it to fry. Turn pancakes regularly. The flour product will turn out quite fluffy and aromatic. Pancakes go great with jam.

• flour - 200 gr.
• granulated sugar - 40 gr.
• kefir - 250 ml.
• zucchini - 1 pc.
• soda - 5 gr.
• salt - 6 gr.
• eggs - 2 pcs.
• vegetable oil - in fact

1. To prepare the raw materials, use a bowl of a suitable size. Combine soda and chicken eggs in a container, stir thoroughly.
2. Wash the zucchini and remove the skin and seeds. Grind the vegetable on a coarse grater. Add the finished mixture to the egg mixture. Mix the ingredients thoroughly.
3. Gradually add flour and remaining ingredients. Knead the products until a homogeneous mixture is formed. Next, you can start frying the pancakes.

Apple fritters

• kefir - 0.5 l.
• egg - 3 pcs.
• sour apples - 2 pcs.
• ground cinnamon - 4 gr.
• salt - 3 gr.
• baking powder - 6 gr.
• flour - 320 gr.
• vegetable oil - 95 ml.
• granulated sugar - 110 gr.

1. Use a suitable size cup and grind the eggs with granulated sugar in it. After this, stir in kefir. The result should be a homogeneous mass.
2. Keep stirring and gradually add baking powder with sifted flour. The composition should not contain lumps.
3. Wash the apples, peel and core them. Chop the pulp into small slices. Add the fruit to the dough and mix thoroughly.
4. Add cinnamon powder. Heat the oil in a frying pan and proceed to direct frying. It is recommended to carry out the procedure over medium heat.

Pumpkin pancakes

• pumpkin pulp - 240 gr.
• kefir - 230 ml.
• egg - 1 pc.
• flour - 140 gr.
• salt - to taste
• vegetable oil - for frying

1. Before you start making pancakes, you need to prepare the pumpkin. Remove the peel and seeds, leaving only the pulp. Grind the raw materials on a coarse grater.
2. Combine pumpkin with egg, salt and kefir. At the very end, add flour and stir. No lumps should form in the mass.
3. Heat a frying pan with vegetable oil and begin the frying process. Turn the pancakes over after one side is golden brown.

Pancakes are prepared quite simply. If you haven't tried to fry such a delicacy before, it's worth a try. Delight your household with unique recipes. Pancakes can be prepared with different products, show your imagination and add something new to the recipe. The delicacy goes well with sauces and fruit jams. Pancakes are equally delicious hot or cold.

Video: the simplest recipe for fluffy kefir pancakes

Our detailed recipe will help novice cooks prepare fluffy classic pancakes with kefir. This simple dish includes the most common and affordable ingredients, and the dessert is very easy to prepare! However, theory is useless without practice, so we stock up on everything we need and organize a sweet treat for the whole family.

And having already mastered fairly simple techniques, you can experiment and try this dish in a new version, for example, cooking.

Ingredients:

• kefir - 250 ml;
• salt - a pinch;
• sugar - 2 tbsp. spoons;
• egg - 1 pc.;
• flour - 180-200 g;
• baking soda - ½ teaspoon;
• vegetable oil (for frying).

Lush kefir pancakes recipe with photos at home

1. Beat the egg with sugar and salt. We vigorously work with a whisk, combining the white and yolk.
   
2. Heat kefir in the microwave or over low heat until warm (do not boil). Gradually pour the fermented milk product into the sugar-egg mixture, continuing to mix the components with a whisk.
   
3. Add sifted flour, previously mixed with baking soda, in parts.
   
4. Bring the mixture to a smooth and homogeneous state without any flour lumps. Since today we are preparing fluffy pancakes, the dough should be relatively thick so that during frying it does not spread over the pan, but takes the desired shape. The consistency of the dough for kefir pancakes should resemble thick sour cream.
   

   How to bake lush pancakes with kefir

5. Heat a thick-bottomed frying pan by adding a couple of tablespoons of vegetable oil. Using a tablespoon, scoop up the viscous dough and place it in the form of small cakes on a hot surface. Fry over moderate heat until a characteristic blush appears on the underside.
   
6. Using a spatula, we turn the pancakes over and again wait for the “tan” to appear. We cook each batch like this, adding oil if necessary.
   
7. Serve lush kefir pancakes warm. As an addition, you can choose sour cream, jam, honey, condensed milk or berries grated with sugar. If desired, you can first place the finished pancakes on napkins or a paper towel to get rid of any remaining oil.
   

Bon appetit!

Today I want to present you with several recipes with step-by-step photos. These will be kefir pancakes, fluffy, airy and different. It would seem, what else can you come up with with ordinary pancakes? It turns out it is possible. The first recipe will be the base, the simplest, but time-tested. The second one is very interesting, almost flourless oatmeal with apples. The third is a fragrant banana, ideal for children. And the fourth - pumpkin pancakes - bright, sunny.

Kefir pancakes - a simple recipe

As I already wrote, this is a basic recipe. In my opinion, the pancakes baked using it are very similar to the ones we ate in kindergarten as children. You can take it as a basis and add something of your own: cocoa, grated apple, pear, cottage cheese. The amount of ingredients is given per 500 ml of kefir, but you can easily calculate how much you will need, for example for 1 glass (250 ml). What is the advantage of such a test? For it, you can use stale, expired, or even sour kefir. Of course, if its expiration date did not expire a year ago, everything should be within reason. During the frying process, it will undergo heat treatment and you can safely please yourself and your family with delicious pancakes.

Ingredients:

• kefir – 0.5 l;
• chicken eggs – 2 pcs;
• sugar -1-2 tsp;
• soda – 1/2 tsp;
• salt - a pinch;
• flour – 400g. (2.5 cups*);
• sunflower oil.

* glass with a capacity of 250 ml.

How to cook:

The finished pancakes are soft, airy with crispy edges. You can serve them according to your taste, with sour cream, melted butter, or jam.

Oatmeal pancakes on kefir with apples

They are actually oatmeal, because they are prepared with the addition of rolled oatmeal, and there is just a little flour in them. So they are not only tasty, but also healthy, practically dietary (especially if the sugar in them is replaced with honey). We will also add a finely grated apple to them, so that it will barely be visible in the dough, but will make the pancakes even healthier and more flavorful.

Grocery list:

• kefir – 250ml;
• rolled oats (flakes) – 5 tbsp%;
• sugar – 2 tbsp;
• flour – 1.5 tbsp;
• apple – 1 piece;
• vegetable oil.

How to do:

You can serve them like traditional pancakes with sour cream, or you can try chocolate or fruit sauce.

Kefir pancakes with banana

Banana pancakes are always delicious. Banana adds extra sweetness and flavor. Usually children really like them, as they are also very gentle. Of all the banana recipes I've made, this is the best.

Ingredients

• kefir – 50ml;
• milk – 50ml;
• chicken egg – 1 pc.;
• sugar – 5 tbsp. l.;
• wheat flour – 2-3 tbsp;
• banana – 1 pc.;
• walnuts – 10 pcs.;
• vegetable oil - for frying;
• powdered sugar - for serving.

How to cook:

Serve to the table, sprinkled with powdered sugar.

Pancakes with pumpkin on kefir

You have already seen the recipe for making classic pancakes. But you can make it special just by adding an ordinary pumpkin to it. But this ordinary and at the same time wonderful vegetable will make the pancakes unusual, very tasty, rich and aromatic.

Ingredients for pancakes:

• kefir - 250 ml;
• pumpkin - 150g;
• egg – 1 piece;
• flour - 3-4 tbsp;
• sugar - 2 tbsp;
• soda – 0.5 tsp;
• apple cider vinegar;
• refined sunflower oil.

How to bake:

Can be served with sour cream or condensed milk, honey or sprinkled with powdered sugar.