Red grapes has been known for a long time, but it is significantly inferior in popularity to black and white varieties.

Beneficial features

Red grapes contain a large amount useful substances and vitamins. For example, due to the content of B vitamins, berries have a positive impact on work nervous system . Red grapes contain vitamin PP, which is anti-allergenic. Due to the content of ascorbic acid, with regular consumption of these berries, immunity and protective functions of the body increase, which is very important especially during the period of active spread of viruses and infections. Red grapes also contain vitamin A, which is necessary for vision.

It is also worth noting that these berries have a fairly low calorie content, which allows them to be eaten during weight loss by people who are watching their figure. It has been proven that when regular use Red grapes increase hemoglobin levels, which in turn has a positive effect on overall health. The berries have antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Red grapes also have an anti-inflammatory effect on the body.

By reducing blood viscosity and blood cholesterol levels berries reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Red grapes have the ability to block the action of inflammation, which helps prevent the occurrence of respiratory and respiratory diseases. immune system. Some experimental evidence has shown that red grapes contain compounds that are excellent prevention oncological diseases . Red grapes contain dietary fiber, which has a beneficial effect on the gastrointestinal tract and helps prevent constipation.

Use in cooking

Red grapes are used for cooking various drinks, both alcoholic and non-alcoholic, for example, wine, compote, juice, etc. Raisins are also made from berries. By the way, wine made from red grapes has rich taste And the most delicate aroma. In addition, red grapes are used in the formulation of various desserts, for example, in jelly, baked goods, etc.

Benefits of red grapes and treatment

The benefits of red grapes have been known for a long time and are scientifically proven. It has been experimentally proven that such berries have a positive effect on activity digestive system. It is recommended that people include red grapes in their diet during the period of treatment of diseases of the kidneys, blood vessels, liver and joints.

It has been noticed that with regular consumption of these berries, the body will better tolerate and recover from stressful situations and loads. In addition, red grapes help resist the effects of stress and nervous disorders. Berries are useful for digestion, as they can reduce stomach acidity and improve conditions with gastritis and ulcers.

Harm of red grapes and contraindications

Red grapes can be harmful to people with individual intolerance to the product. People with diabetes have contraindications to eating berries.

This grape variety is the lowest yielding. In the Rhone Valley, dry wines Condrieu and Chateau Grillet are produced from it - these are the most excellent and famous wines of the Rhone.

• Boucher
  Petit Boucher and Gros Boucher are varieties that have been crossed with Teinturier and the prolific but colorless Aramon.
• Biancone
  Corsican white grapes.
• Vaccarese
  A red grape grown in the Rhone Valley, this variety is used to make Chateauneuf-du-Pape.
• Verdelho
  A Portuguese grape variety used to produce Port wine.
• Verdes
  White grapes grown in Western France in the Dauphine region.
• Verdiso
  
• Verdot
  Red grapes used to make ordinary Bordeaux wines.

  Chenin Blanc- got its name from the Mont Chenin mountain in Touraine. This variety contains a large amount natural sugar, has good acidity and thin skin. It is used in the production of sweet and sparkling wines, as well as for some dry ones.

• Verduzzo
  White grapes from the northeastern region of Italy.
• Vernaccia
  An Italian white grape, this variety is used to make Vernaccia di San Gimignano wine.
• 
  White grapes growing in the north of the Rhone Valley. Only this variety is used to make Condre and Château Grillet wines, and in small quantities, together with Syrah grapes, is used to make Cotes du Rhone wine.
• Viura
  White grapes grow in northern Spain in Rioja.
• Genova (Genovese)
  Italian white grapes grow in Corsica.
• Dolcetto
  Italian red grapes from Piedmont. This variety produces soft red Dolcetto wines.
• Douce Noir (Dolcet Nero)
  Red grapes grown in Savoy and Switzerland.
• Garganega
  White grapes from the area around Verona are used together with Trebbiano to produce Soave wines.

  Grenache
  Chateauneuf du Pape, Travel and many others are made from this grape variety. Grenache produces wines with high content alcohol, which must be blended with other varieties. It is used to produce port and light rose wines.

• Gars Levelu
  Hungarian white grapes. Used together with Amber Muscat and Furmint to make Tokai.
• Gewürztraminer
  This variety produces spicy, aromatic wines, which in Germany and Alsace bear its name. This grape grows in Italy, California, Australia and South Africa.
• Grenache
  This variety in the Rhone Valley is an important component in Chateauneuf-du-Pape wine. Rose wines are made from it, and in the southwest of France they make sweet fortified wine. It grows in Spain, southern France, North Africa and California.
• Grillo
  Sicilian white grape, part of Marsala.
• Grignolino Italian red grape, grown in Piedmont and California.
• Grolo
  Red grapes from the Loire Valley.
• Gropello
  Red grapes from Lombardy.
• Gro Plan
  French white grape from the Loire region. This variety also grows in California, where sparkling wines are produced from it.

  Merlot
  The most valuable grape variety in Bordeaux. It is the main variety included in Chateau Petrus, the most best brand Pomerol.
  It produces wines with a pleasant, fruity taste. Merlot gives wines a luxurious hue and velvety quality.

• Grüner Feltliner
  White grapes, grows in Austria, Italy and elsewhere large quantities grows in California.
• Gutedel
  White European grapes. It makes light wines. These wines are usually drunk young.
• Inzoglia
  Sicilian white wine grapes.
• 
  Red grapes have high acidity and high tannin content. It produces long-ripening, perennial Bordeaux wines.
• Cabernet Franc
  In the Bordeaux region, this variety is often blended with Sauvignon. It also grows in California and South America.
• Calabrese
  Sicilian red grapes.
• Cannonau
  Sardinian red wine grapes.
• Kanoilo
  Italian red grape, part of Chianti.

  Tsifandel
  

• Carignan
  A red wine grape native to Spain that produces good, healthy wines. It grows in southern France, Spain and California (where it is spelled Carignane). Is integral part Rioya wines.
• Carricante
  Sicilian white wine wine
• Kleret
  White grapes growing in Provence.
• Co.
  A red grape from Bordeaux, it is known as Malbec. This grape variety is the main one in Cahors.
• Colombard
  A very productive white grape, it grows in California and in Dauphine and Charente in France, where it is used to make cognac.

  Syrah
  In the north of the Rhone in Hermitage, this grape variety produces heavy, rich, tannic wines with a noticeable fruity flavor.

• Concord
  North American blue-black grape from the species vitis Labrousca. Concord is widely grown in the USA.
• Corvina
  Italian red grape used to produce Valpolicella and Bardolino wines.
• Cortese
  Italian white grape growing in Piedmont.
• Lagren
  Red grapes, used to make red and rose wines.
• Lemberger
  German red grape, grown in Württemberg.
• Malbec
  Red grapes from Bordeaux. This grape variety is the main one in Cahors
• Malvasia (Malmsey) White grapes from Ancient Greece. Gives a sweet, long-lasting Madeira wine. Grows in Madeira, South Africa and California.
• Marsan

  Pinot Meunier
  An important variety in Champagne, where it gives white wines a more pronounced appeal than young Pinot Noir. Plays a significant role in the production of champagne for early use. This variety is intensively grown in the Marne Valley in Champagne, where its frost resistance makes it considered the most valuable variety.

  The French white wine grape, along with Roussanne, is part of the Hermitage and Saint Joseph wines, some of the best white wines in the northern Rhone Valley.

• Marcemino
  
• Melon
  White grapes transplanted from Burgundy to the Loire Valley.
• Merlot
  In Bordeaux, this grape variety produces strong, perennial wines. Also grows in Italy, Yugoslavia, Austria, Switzerland, California and South Africa.
• Morio Muscat
  German white grape, a hybrid of Silvaner and Pinot Blanc varieties. Used to make aromatic Rhine wines.
• Mourvedre
  This variety grows successfully in the south of France. It is used to produce Bondal wines in Provence. Its rich color and typical smell are often associated with wild berries.
• Muscat General name for many related sweet varieties white grapes, usually with a persistent odor. Used to make sweet wines.
• Müller Thurgau
  German white wine grape, a hybrid of Riesling and Silvaner varieties. It is being planted more and more throughout Germany.
• Muscadet
  A white grape transplanted from Burgundy to the Loire Valley in the vicinity of Nantes, where it produces wines of the same appellation.
• Muscadelle

  Nebbiolo
  This grape variety is part of the fine wines of Piedmont, and it gained a good reputation thanks to Barolo wine. In Italy, these grapes are used to produce Cattinara, Barbaresco, Carema, Donnaz. Sometimes, it has to be softened by adding Bondara or Merlot varieties.

  White grapes, which are very small quantities used to make Grave and Sauternes wines.

• Nebbiolo Italian red wine grapes are a noble variety from Piedmont. Barolo, Gattinara and Barbaresco wines are made from it. It is also called Spanna, and some Piedmont wines bear this name on the labels.
• Negrara Trentina
  An Italian red wine grape that grows in the Veneto and is used to make Valpolicella and Bardolino wines.
• Nerello Mascalese
  Red grapes grown in Sicily.
• Noziola
  Italian white grapes grow in Trentino.
• Nocera
  Red wine grapes grown in Sicily.
• Nuragus
  Sardinian white wine grapes, from which the straw-colored Nuragus di Cagliari wine is made.
• Nielluccio
  Corsican red wine grapes.
• Pagadebit
  White grape, grows in Italy and Corsica.

  Pinot noir- one of the most famous, classic champagne grape varieties.
  These grapes produce the rich, velvety wines of the world. Depending on the climate and ripeness of the berries, the varietal flavor can vary from cherry to strawberry.

• Palomino
  White grapes, grown in Spain, are the basis for the production of Jerez.
• Pamid
  Bulgarian grapes from which regular red wine is made.
• Pascal Blanc
  White Provençal grapes used to produce fine Cassis wines.
• Pedro Hnmenez
  Spanish white wine grape, used to make sweet wines and sweeten Sherry.
• Perle
  German grape used to make dry white wines from Franconia.
• Picpoul
  White wine grapes from southern France.
• Pinot Blanc
  A product of a natural mutation of the Pinot Noir variety, in Germany it is called Klevner, or Weissburgunder. It also grows in Burgundy, but is not a common grape variety there. Gives good results in Italy and California.
• (Tokay d'Alsace)
  Mutant Pinot Noir, light color, in Elias and in Italy good white wines are made from it. In Germany it is known as Ruhländer.
• Pinot d'Aunis

  Gamay
  French grape variety. Wines made from this variety have a pear aroma indicating carbonic maceration. These wines are drunk young, but some traditional wines Bojele are aged for a long time, just like the red ones. After 10 years, they develop the characteristics inherent in Pinot Noir. In France, Gamay Beaujeleis is synonymous with true Gamay. There are several varieties of Gamay - Gamay fro, Gamay de bouze, Gamay castille, Gamay tenturier, Gamay atif.

  The French grape is used along with other varieties to make rosé wines in Anjou and, to a lesser extent, to make red wines in the Loire Valley.

• Pinot Noir
  In the Côte d'Or, this grape variety produces excellent Burgundy red wines. When blended with white Chardonnay, Pinot Noir gives Champagne its body, strength and longevity.
• Pinotage
  South African red wine grape, a hybrid of Pinot Noir and Cinsault.
• Droit's plan
  A French red grape similar to Cinsault is used to make Chateauneuf-du-Pape wine.
• Primitivo
  An Italian red wine grape, possibly the ancestor of Californian Zinfandel.
• Prosecco
  Italian white grapes from the Veneto, often used to make sparkling wine.
• Petit Verdot
  A tart and sour red grape that is used in small quantities in the Bordeaux region to add firmness to the wine.
• Pulsar
  Red wine grapes from the Jura region of France, also used to make rosé wines.
• Rabozo
  Red wine grapes from Veneto.
• Rassese
  Italian red wine grapes from Liguria.
• Riminese
  White wine grapes from Corsica.

  Fine-grained nutmeg
  This grape variety has two varieties. Pink nutmeg and white, as well as hybrids that are something in between these two. . Fine moussecat is used both for dry Alsatian wines and for the sweet, slightly fortified Muscat de Beaumes de Venise, although in the production of the former, ottonel muscat is more often used.

• Riesling
  Noble, white variety grapes originally from Germany. It produces fresh dry or semi-dry wines. It grows in many European countries and in all wine-growing regions beyond its borders.
• Rosanella
  Italian red grapes from Lombardy.
• Roll
  A white wine grape that grows in Provence, especially in the Mediterranean Alps around Grasse.
• Rondinella
  Italian red wine grape, grown in the Veneto, used to make Valpolicella and Bardolino wines.
• Pyssan
  One of the finest French white grape varieties, used to make white Hermitage grapes in the Côtes du Roi and Savoie.
• Savagnin
  The only grape variety used to make yellow wines in the Jura region of France.
• Sangiovese
  Italian red grape used to make Chianti and other wines. The Saigiovese Grosso variety is used to make Brunello di Montalcino wines in Tuscany.
• Semillon
  This white grape variety produces sweet Bordeaux wines. It grows in California, Australia and South Africa, where it is called green grapes.

  Gewürztraminer
  This grape, especially pure and with all the characteristic properties of Alsace, is intended for the production of wines with strong aromas. The complex bouquet of these wines can range from musky to peppery.

• Cinsault
  Red grapes, grown in the Rhone Valley, are part of the wine of Château du Pape, and in Provence and Spain they are used to produce the red wine Bandol.
• Saint Emilionne
  White grapes grown in France.
• Sercial White grapes from which the fine Madeira wine of the same name is produced. This grape variety is the same as Riesling.
• Gray Riesling
  This white grape variety is not a true Riesling, but a minor one. It grows in Austria, Italy, Central European countries, South Africa, California and Australia.
• Silvaner
  White grape, grows in Germany and Alsace.
• Syrah
  Red wine grape, creator of many strong wines. Grows well in countries with warm climates.
• Schiava
  Red grapes grown in Northern Italy.
• Sauvignon Blanc White grape variety. In the Bordeaux region, it is combined with Semillon to produce the sweet Sauternes and Barsac wines and the dry white Graves wine. In the Loire, Sancerre wines are produced from it, and in Pouilly-on-Laure they produce an aromatic, invigorating Pouilly wine.

  Tsifandel
  This grape variety produces light, elegant, white or pink, as well as massive ones with a high tannin content.

• Teinturier
  Unlike most varieties of red grapes, in which only the skin of the berries is colored, Teinturier grapes have red flesh. The wines produced from them are deeply colored and can be used to color paler regular wines.
• Tempranillo
  Red grapes used to make wines in Rioja in northern Spain.
• Teroldego
  Red grapes from Trentino in northern Italy.
• Teulier
  Red wine grapes from Provence.
• Tiburan
  Red wine grapes from Provence.
• Tinta Kan, Tinta Francisco
  Black grapes grown in Portugal to produce port wine.

  Aligote
  This grape variety is grown in Burgundy and Bulgaria. It makes sour wines with moderate alcohol content.
  The best wines from this grape variety come from Burgundy villages. The quality of this variety is improved by blending with a small amount of Chardonnay.

• Tokaj
  White grape, grows in north-eastern Italy.
• Toriga
  Red grapes from the Dan region of Portugal. Used for the production of Port wine.
• Traminer
  White grape, grows in Germany and Alsace. In the French Jura region it is known as Savagnin.
• Trebbiano
  A white grape variety, very popular and widespread in Italy, France and Australia. This variety produces very good yields, but is not suitable for quality wines, since wines from Trebbiano are not suitable for long-term storage.
• Ugni Blanc (white)
  White wine grapes grown in France are used in cognac, called Saint-Emilionnet, and in Italy they are called Trebbiano.
• Folle Blanche
  French white grape grown in the Loire region. Produces a light, slightly sour wine. In the south of France and California, still and sparkling wines are produced from it.
• Freiza
  Italian red grape, grown in Piemoite and Corsica.
• Furmint
  White grapes, which are the main variety for Tokaj production.
• Fuella
  French red grape, found in Bellay red and rosé wines.

  Chardonnay
  This classic grape variety is the best in the world for dry white wines. Chardonnay grows in almost all commercial wine growing areas. It produces outstanding Burgundy wines and is one of the three main grape varieties used in the production of champagne.

• Zinfandel
  Red grapes are used to produce a variety of aromatic wines.
• Sciaccarello
  Corsican red grapes.
• Chardonnay
  This white grape variety produces great Burgundy wines such as Côte de Beaune and Chablis. It is from this variety that champagne is made.
• Chasselas
  European white table grapes. Lungs are obtained from it nice wines, which are usually drunk young.
• Sheirebe
  White grape, grown in Germany, is a hybrid of Silvaner and Riesling varieties.
• Chenin white
  One of the leading varieties of white grapes is obtained from it, both dry and sweet, some of them sparkling.
• Shiraz
  The Australian name for the grape is Syrah.
• Elbling (Kleinberger)
  White grapes grow in Alsace, Luxembourg and Germany, where part of it is used to make Seeckt, a sparkling German wine.
• Erbaluche
  Italian white grape variety, grown in Piedmont.



Pinot Gris
This variety is used to produce rich wines High Quality. These wines have a spice flavor that is rarely found in other grape varieties.
Pinot Gris is used throughout the world to produce many sweet fortified wines.



Semillon
In Sauternes and Barzac, the Semillon variety is particularly susceptible to " noble mold" The characteristic bouquet of Semillon perhaps resembles the smell of melon or fig, but these comparisons rather describe the character and smell of rotten fruits than the Semillon variety itself.



Sauvignon blanc
The best Sauvignon Blanc grows in the vineyards of the Loire. Dry wines with a characteristic aroma are also created from it. Dry Bordeaux wines made from this variety have a dusty tint, which is eliminated through early harvesting and improved vinification methods.



Riesling
Classic German grape variety. Riesling produces light wines with a low alcohol content, which have a strong aroma and have the ability to be stored for a very long time. Due to the fact that it is susceptible to noble mold, this variety is indispensable for the production of very sweet wines.
With a short aging in bottles, the best Rieslings acquire a piquant bouquet.

Even on a summer cottage you can grow wine grapes. They are also called technical grape varieties. Due to the high percentage of juice in the berries, these grapes are used to make wine and other drinks. This article describes the best wine varieties. Let's get to know them better.

Red wine grapes are more popular among winegrowers. It is easier to care for, and red wine is more in demand. Popular grape varieties for red wine:

• Tsimlyansky Black. Distributed in the Don. Regular and sparkling wine is made from it. This black grape is unpretentious and tolerates frost well;
• Bako Black. Bred by French-American breeders. Frost-resistant (down to -27 °C). The fruits are very small, sweet and juicy;
• Mars. It has no seeds, is very juicy, and produces a lot of yield. Used as a gazebo plant;
• Marquette. The patent for this variety appeared only in 2005. He is considered one of the youngest and most promising. Gives a large harvest, is not afraid of frost and pests;
• Medina. It has increased resistance to all pathogenic bacteria and is not afraid of insects and wasps. Ripens by mid-September. If you overdo it, the sugar content increases significantly. Medina is used to make sweet wines and juices. The berries are like pearls;

• Alminsky. Released in Ukraine in 2007. It has high resistance to diseases and is very frost-resistant, can be grown in northern regions. Gives a good harvest. The fruits are large and round;
• Black Doctor. Gained the greatest popularity in Crimea. Late ripening, ripens at the end of October. Disease resistance is average. The harvest is large;
• Doina. Late ripening (ripens in mid-October). The yield is very high (200 centners per hectare). The fruits are sweet and juicy;
• Krasnostop Zolotovsky grapes. Distributed in the Krasnodar Territory and Rostov Region. Productivity is low (only 60 centners per hectare). Small bunches and berries. Very sweet. Perfect for winemaking;
• In memory of Golodriga. Released in Ukraine in 2008. Regular and sparkling wine, juice and even jam are made from it. Sweet;
• Neretinsky grapes. Very frost-resistant (up to -35 °C). Unpretentious. The berries are juicy (up to 70% juice), sweet (up to 23% sugar), have a blue coating;

• Frontignac grapes. He is relatively young (he is just over 20 years old). Ripens in October, fruits small size, round, but juicy and sweet. Not afraid of frosts down to -34 °C. If you care for it properly, it can be grown in cold regions;
• Cabernet Cortis grapes. Unpretentious, rarely gets sick. The berries are medium-sized, round. Wines from this variety are highly valued. Drinks made from it taste very similar to Cabernet Sauvignon.

The list contains the best and main grape varieties for making wine. Technical grape varieties allow you not only to enjoy the taste of the berries, but also to drink this wonderful drink all year round.

The best varieties of white grapes

White wine grape varieties are unpretentious and produce a lot of juice. They allow you to prepare an excellent drink that will be a wonderful addition to the holiday table. The main grape varieties used to make white wine:

• grapes Sponsor. Exquisite white variety. Unpretentious. Ripens in mid-August. The weight of the bunch reaches 1 kg. The berries are large, have a nutmeg flavor, and there are citrus notes;
• Viorica grapes. Sweet, has a nutmeg aroma. Productivity is low and susceptible to disease and insects. Frost resistance is average. Ripens in mid-September;
• Marshal Foch grapes. Loves sandy soils. Autumn is ripening early. Not afraid of pests and frost. The wines made from it have a “Burgundian” character;
• Aligote grapes. Popular in California and France. It loves the sun very much, and with constant watering it becomes susceptible to diseases. The berries are round and small;
• Pinot Grigio. Originally from Burgundy (France), but the most delicious wines It is made from it in Italy. When ripe it acquires a bright pink color. It has many varieties, such as Pinot Gris;
• Kokur. Productivity depends on weather conditions (from 100 to 180 centners are harvested from one hectare). The origin of the variety cannot be established, but most likely it began to be grown on the shores of the Black Sea. Loves the sun, does not tolerate frost. Has several varieties;

• Solaris. Very sweet (if collected on time, at the end of August, the sugar content reaches 20%; if stored and collected in October, the figure will reach 30%). It is very loved by wasps and birds, which can destroy half the crop;
• Dublyansky. Has high frost resistance (up to -34 °C). The taste is exquisite with honey and nutmeg notes. The fruits have a pink tint;
• Muscat Golodrigi grapes. Doesn't get sick, isn't afraid of frost. Gives a big harvest. The berries are sweet and juicy. Average weight bunches - 300 g. A special feature is resistance to mildew, gray rot, oidium and other pathogens.

Many people ask the question: which grape variety is best for white wine? It all depends on the region in which it grows, weather conditions and taste preferences owner. Kokur is perfect for those who live in hot, arid climates. But Dublyansky or Muscat Golodrigi can be grown in middle lane Russia, but it needs proper care. Then he will make you happy great drinks and fresh berries.

Video “Mistakes of beginning winegrowers”

From this video you will learn about the mistakes that novice winegrowers most often make.

Preface

Many people believe that all grape varieties for wine production grow exclusively in the south, but even in Altai today many owners grow strong, healthy vines with large clusters of juicy berries.

Harvests from most fruit crops are intended for direct consumption, whether raw or heat treatment. But there are also individual plants that are bred for industrial processing, that is, essentially, raw materials. For winemaking, for example, special technical grape varieties are used. Let's figure out how they differ from canteens, especially since you can eat both of them.

On the table we are used to seeing large clusters with large juicy berries. As for the latter, preference is given to the most fleshy ones, with thin skin, preferably without seeds. The taste of the berry can be either tart or sour, but always sweet, since the fruit is usually served for dessert. The sugar content in such grapes is usually in the range of 13–17%. The table variety is more valuable the more fruits there are on the clusters and the larger the berries themselves. It is logical that grapes require a lot of sun to fully ripen and accumulate juice.

There are completely different requirements for technical varieties, which, by the way, can also be eaten. Their main and main difference is the size of the berries and clusters, which are much smaller than those of table varieties. When growing such grapes Special attention paid to juiciness and taste, as well as the amount of sugar, which should be in the range of 18–20% or more. The berries should contain a lot of coloring and extractive substances that affect the richness of the color of the wine, as well as the bouquet of flavors and odors. It is these substances that make some varieties unsuitable for food consumption, since they give the berries bad taste.

In fact, wine can be made from any fruit and berries, as long as the sugar content is high enough. However taste qualities wines largely depend on the mineral and vitamin composition of the fruit pulp. Taking grapes as an example, it becomes clear that some varieties can impart homemade wine only exceptional sweetness, maybe some tartness, but not a rich bouquet of flavor shades. That is why many owners try to grow not only table grapes, but also grape varieties for winemaking.

It should be remembered that industrial crops require the same amount of space as ordinary fruit crops, but their yield can be quite low. When growing table varieties, it is productivity that is most valued, that is, the number of bunches from each bush, while for wine varieties, the sugar content of the berries should be high, and not the yield of the vine. In areas close to the north, where the sum of active temperatures rarely exceeds 2000–2200 (in particular in the Moscow region), only early ripening frost-resistant varieties ripen.

But even grapes bred specifically for the north would not have gained sugar if there were a large number of clusters on one bush. With low solar activity, the metabolism in the vine is somewhat slower, which is why the distribution of microelements among the vines may be insufficient. Understanding this, experienced gardeners carry out pruning twice a season, which is called normalization. The first is carried out when the berries reach the size of peas, at which time up to 50% of the clusters should be removed. The second pruning is carried out at the end of July, leaving only 1-2 brushes on each shoot, depending on the size of the vine. If this is not done, the quality of the grapes will be low.

In regions where the frost-free period ranges from 130 to 150 days, the vine should produce a harvest no later than 110–115 days from the moment the buds open. Few varieties have such precocity, and most of those grow in the south, but they cannot be grown in the north; they will not take root. For many years now, work has been going on to create vineyards in the Moscow region and in cold latitudes, from the harvests of which the best wines could be made.

Today, white grape varieties are considered to be most adapted to the conditions of the north, such as Elegy, Muscat golden, Hungarian Crystal And Prim, Muscat Odessa, Pineapple, Gift of Magarach. But red wine is healthier, and therefore dark frost-resistant crops appeared: Anniversary, Livadia black, Fortune, Germanic Rondo, Holodrigi Ruby And December. The latter variety is universal and can be used directly for food, as well as for obtaining fresh juices, due to the fact that it has large, fleshy berries.

Each of the grapes listed is capable of withstanding quite low temperatures and even short severe frosts. In particular, Gift of Magarach tolerates cold well when the thermometer shows -33, even if the cold lingers. And here Elegy And Anniversary at long frosts can lose significant amounts of kidneys, of which sometimes no more than 10% remain unfrozen. Most other frost-resistant varieties will lose all their buds without careful covering if low temperatures linger for a couple of weeks.

In the conditions of the Moscow region, they grow, among others, and, that is, those that can easily tolerate even significant cold snaps, and, remarkably, are practically not susceptible to diseases. These include Sukribe, Saperavi Northern, and Amur breakthrough. The latter, along with such varieties as Triumph, Malinovsky And Amethyst, refers to Amur hybrids bred by domestic breeders for northern conditions. These crops can withstand frosts down to -32 ( Marinovsky) and up to -40 ( Triumph).

If you have such a spacious plot that, in addition to an orchard and vegetable garden, there is also room for a vineyard, try to leave the southern side of the plot free. It is there that the vine will receive the most solar heat for active metabolism. As a last resort, you can set aside a strip of land under the southern wall of a residential or outbuilding. Under no circumstances should we plant bushes from west to east, then only one side of the vine will be constantly in the shade. The rows of the vineyard should stretch strictly from south to north.

Under the seedlings we dig a hole 60x60x60 or a trench with the same depth and width, depending on whether you have one bush or several. At the bottom we place a small layer of broken brick (about 20 centimeters). When filling the hole, be sure to add manure and compost to the soil, maybe a little peat, and always sand and fine gravel in small quantities. In the corners of the pit or along the trench on both sides, in increments of 60 centimeters, we bury plastic half-meter pipes so that 5 centimeters rise above the ground. Through them we will water and fertilize the vines.

It is preferable to plant grapes with a closed root system in early spring after frosts, but if with an open root system, then planting can be done from spring to autumn.

In order for the vineyard to be fully provided with sunlight, it is not recommended to plant bushes densely. The minimum distance between plants is 2 meters, as for the space between the rows, its width should be at least 3 meters. 30 centimeters to the west of each row we dig trellises from which the growing vine should be easily removed for. So that the vineyard can withstand the cold from minimal losses, metal arcs are installed above the shoots laid along the rows, onto which a vapor-permeable covering material is stretched.

It is necessary to insulate grapes in the Moscow region gradually, until there is no sign of frost; it is better to leave the ends of the greenhouse open. After closing the shelter, you can throw more snow on top. At the end of March, when the snow melts and the earth begins to warm up, we gradually begin to open the bushes. During the day, when the weather is sunny, we remove the covering material, but before sunset we tighten it again so that at night the plants are protected from possible spring frosts. We return the shoots to the trellises when it becomes completely warm and no cold weather is expected.

Red wines are made from red grape varieties. They are generally drier, stronger and more complex than white wines. Grape seeds contain tannins, which give red wines the necessary astringency. To obtain red wine, at a certain stage of fermentation, grape skins and seeds, which have special pigments, are allowed to mix with colorless grape juice. After active fermentation, the wort acquires a dark red color, astringency and a characteristic aroma.

Cabernet Sauvignon

Pinot Noir

Syrah (Shiraz)

Tempranillo

Zinfandel

Zinfandel(Zinfandel) is the “most American” red grape variety, which produces red wines with a rich berry aroma.

Zinfandel grapes and Zinfandel wine are inextricably linked with California wine production, and this place is the only place where this variety is grown. Today it accounts for approximately 10% of all California vineyards. In California, this grape is also used to make the very popular pale pink wine White Zinfandel, to which Riesling or white nutmeg is added to enhance the aroma.

For a long time Zinfandel was believed to come from the Italian variety Primitivo. However, at the end of the last century, scientists using DNA analysis proved that its closest relative is the Croatian variety Crljenak.

Zinfandel wines can be very different: light and fruity like French Beaujolais, lively and complex like Cabernet, or aged and strong, reminiscent of port in style. Zinfandel is a component of most California jug wines. It is often blended with other red varieties.

Zinfandel has a rich red color, a very bright fruity aroma and a taste reminiscent of raspberries. Tones of blackberry, cranberry, cherry, cinnamon, black pepper, and vanilla are also common. Other characteristics of this wine include high content alcohol, strong tannins, and slightly spicy aromas. Zinfandel is one of those red wines that is best drunk when it's young, between three and five years old.

Red grilled meat, spicy and salty foods, pizza, pasta with tomato sauce are served with Zinfandel wines.

Some notable wines that contain zinfandel are: TerraMater Vineyard Zinfandel Shiraz; Grgich Hills Estate Zinfandel; Cline Ancient Vines Zinfandel; Lytton Springs; Duckhorn Paraduxx Red Wine.

Pinotage

Pinotage(Pinotage) is a unique South African grape variety that grows best in South Africa and is key to the region. It was created in 1925 by crossing Pinot noir and Cinsaut varieties. Wines from this grape have been on the market since 1941, and truly became popular in 1991, when South African Pinotage won a gold medal in London at the International Wine Competition.

Pinotage wines are dark red, full-bodied, complex and concentrated, with good depth of flavor, balanced tannins, velvety texture, characteristic spiciness and unique fruity freshness. In addition to tones of blackberry, strawberry and plum, they may even contain banana flavor. The famous French oenologist Michel Rolland calls this wine a “fruit bomb.” There are also wines with distinct coffee and chocolate flavors.

Pinotage wines can be made in different styles: young, light and fruity like Beaujolais, deep and rich like Cotes du Rhone or Zinfandel, elegant and restrained like Bordeaux. There are also popular pale pink versions and several types of fortified sweet dessert wines port wine style. Pinotage can be a component in sparkling wines, there is also a sparkling red wine called Pinotage. The wines mature quickly and at the same time give good results when aged. It should be noted that the quality of Pinotage varies, so you should take the choice of these wines seriously.

Carménère was imported by Chilean producers from Bordeaux in the 19th century. For a long time it was mistaken for a merlot clone. The climate and soils of Chile are perfect for growing it, and it has successfully taken root. In 1998, Carmenère was recognized as an independent variety, and it began to be actively cultivated.

Today, the largest areas of carmenere planting in the world are located in Chile, where the bulk of wines from this grape are produced. The Chilean wine industry is developing rapidly; the main experiments in the field of winemaking are carried out using Carmenère. Varietal wine is made from it and is also used for blending.

Carménère wines, depending on where the grapes are grown, the skills of the winegrower and winemaker, can be from rich red to almost black in color with hints of prunes, currants, figs, spices and green pepper. Sometimes there are nuances of dark chocolate, tobacco and leather. The wines are rich, with more delicate and soft tannins than Cabernet Sauvignon. They are best drunk while they are young.

In addition to Chile, carménère is also grown in Italy and the United States (California and Washington State).

Carménère goes well with grilled red meat, game, and aged cheeses.

Some popular Carmenere wines are: Gato Negro Carmenere; Valle Dorado Carmenere; Santa Carolina Carmenere; Takun Carmenere Reserva; Caliterra Carmenere Reserva; Torres Santa Digna Carmenere; San Pedro 1865 Carmenere Reserva; Carmenero. Of course, it is impossible to ignore the unsurpassed Chilean wine Almaviva, which also contains Carménère in its blend.

Malbec

Malbec(Malbec) is a red grape variety that plays a key role in Argentina's wine production. At the beginning of the 20th century it was widely cultivated in France, but then lost its popularity. Today it is cultivated mainly in Cahors, south of Bordeaux. It continues to be used in the creation of Bordeaux blended wines, providing saturated color and stronger tannins.

Emigrants took these grapes to Argentina, where they successfully took root and found their new home. Argentines make varietal wine from it with softer tannins and fruity flavors, with the ability to age well. Argentina has become the main region for the cultivation of Malbec, its plantings occupy more than 25 thousand hectares.

Aromas and flavors of Malbec wines include blackberry, raspberry, cherry, plum and chocolate. Other features include a jet black color and high acidity.

Based on quality, Argentine Malbecs can be divided into two types. These are light, inexpensive wines with pronounced fruit tones, mainly raspberry, and more expensive and high-quality wines - full-bodied, rich wines with the taste of fruit and spices, a long aftertaste and the potential for long storage in the bottle.

Today, Malbec wines are not as popular as wines made from other red grape varieties, but their popularity is growing. They are produced in Chile, the USA and Australia, where malbec is also grown, although not on such a scale as in Argentina.

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