A relatively new (discovered in 1976) synthetic sugar substitute Sucralose (trichlorogalactosucrose) or Sucralose (Trichlorogalactosucrose) is also known as food additive E955. It is called TGS for short and is also known as Splenda.

The process of obtaining Sucralose is quite complex, and one of its important components is the chlorination of sucrose with sulfuryl chloride. In its finished form, this substance is white and odorless crystals, which have a very sweet taste - 600 times sweeter than sucrose! It is easily soluble in water and alcohols, moderately soluble in esters and not at all soluble in fatty solvents. One of its most important properties is high stability, incl. to the effect of temperature.

Additive E955 serves as a sweetener in the food industry of many countries, including it is approved in the Russian Federation, EU, Canada and Australia. In Russia, the list of products where this additive can be used was significantly expanded in 2010 compared to 2003. And now it is allowed to be included in the following products: water-based, flavored soft drinks based on fruit juices, milk and dairy products without added sugar or with reduced calorie content; alcoholic drinks with an alcohol content of no more than 15% vol.; apple and pear cider; drinks containing a mixture of soft drinks and beer or cider (apple, pear), wine, alcoholic beverages; beer with reduced calorie content; non-alcoholic beer or with an alcohol content of no more than 1.2% vol.; other types of specialty beer; desserts flavored on a water, grain, fruit, vegetable, dairy, egg, fat basis, without added sugar or with reduced calorie content; "snacks" flavored, ready to eat; packaged dry spicy products based on starch and nuts; confectionery products without added sugar based on starch, cocoa and dried fruits, incl. in tablet form; “cooling” microsweets without added sugar; spreads for sandwiches based on cocoa, dairy products, dried fruits, fat; chewing gum without added sugar; ice cream (except cream and milk), fruit ice with reduced calorie content or without added sugar, as well as waffles and cones for them; jams, jellies and marmalade with reduced calorie content; canned and pasteurized fruits with reduced calorie content or without added sugar; processed fruit and vegetable products with reduced calorie content, incl. fruit and vegetable sweet and sour preserves; sweet and sour preserves from fish, fish marinades, crustaceans and mollusks; sauces and mustard; breakfast cereals made from cereals with a dietary fiber content of more than 15% or bran of at least 20% with reduced calorie content or without added sugar; reduced calorie soups; rich bakery and flour confectionery products for dietary nutrition; dietary products for weight loss and therapeutic nutrition; solid and liquid biologically active food additives; as well as vitamins and minerals in the form of syrups and chewable tablets.

In the human body, Sucralose is practically not absorbed and is quickly excreted in the urine. Its safety for humans is still being discussed. On the one hand, there are statements supported by research about its complete safety, including for patients with diabetes. But on the other hand, it is said that these studies were only short-term in nature, and long-term studies in humans are required. In addition, there are complaints about side effects from this compound: skin irritations (itching, rash, swelling), gastrointestinal disorders (nausea, diarrhea), respiratory symptoms (runny nose, cough, shortness of breath), nervous system symptoms ( anxiety, depression, anger), as well as palpitations, itching in the eyes, etc. Currently, the maximum permissible daily intake dose has been established - 15 mg/kg body weight per day.

Sucralose is also used in the pharmaceutical industry.

Technological functions Sweetener, flavor and aroma enhancer.

Synonyms 4,1′,6′-Trichlorogalactosucrose, TGS; English trichlorogalactosucrose, TGS, sucralose; German Trichlorogalactosucrose, Sucralose, Chlorzuck-er, TGS; fr. trichlorogalactosucrose, TGS, sucralose.

CAS№ 56038-13-2.

Chemical name 1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-p-B-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoc-CH-a-D-galactopyranoside.

Empirical formula C12H19O8Cl3.

Mol. m. 397,64.

Organoleptic properties White, odorless crystals with an intense sweet taste, approximately 600 times sweeter than sucrose.

Physicochemical characteristics T pl 130°C (b/w); 36.5°C (pentahydrate). Resistant to heat and hydrolysis. Chorus. sol. in water, alcohols; Wed sol. in esters; unsolvable in fatty solvents.

Receipt Chlorination of sucrose with sulfuryl chloride, followed by the isolation of isomers and other chlorination products. Impurities: chlorinated mono- and disaccharides, solvent residues.

Specifications

Index
Water (Fisher), %, no more
Sulfated ash, %, no more
Specific rotation [a], 20 (10% aqueous
rr), deg.
pH value	Withstand Spanish
Chlorinated monosaccharides		Withstand Spanish
Other chlorinated disaccharides
Triphenylphosphine oxide, mg/kg	No more than 150
Methanol, %, no more.
As/heavy, met., mg/kg, no more

Metabolism and toxicity Slightly absorbed. The glycosidic bond can be cleaved in the small intestine; chlorine-containing hexoses are quickly excreted through the kidneys unchanged or in the form of glucoronides; other metabolites have not yet been discovered.

Hygienic standards ADI 15 mg/kg body weight per day. Codex: Food approved in Canada and Australia. In the Russian Federation it is allowed as a sweetener in fruit and vegetable sweet and sour preserves, in sweet and sour preserves from fish, fish marinades, crustaceans and shellfish in quantities up to 150 mg/kg; in soft drinks based on flavors, fruit juices, dairy products without added sugar or with reduced calorie content in amounts up to 300 mg/kg; in water-based, grain, fruit, vegetable, dairy, egg, fat-based flavored desserts without added sugar or with reduced calorie content, in ice cream, fruit ice without added sugar or with reduced calorie content in an amount of up to 400 mg/kg; in canned fruits without added sugar or with reduced calorie content, in jams, preserves, marmalade with reduced calorie content, in processed fruits and vegetables with reduced calorie content in amounts up to 450 mg/kg; in rich bakery and flour confectionery products in amounts up to 800 mg/kg; in confectionery products with reduced calorie content or without added sugar: sandwiches with filling based on cocoa, dairy products, dried fruits, fat in amounts up to 1 g/kg; in confectionery products with reduced calorie content or without added sugar based on starch, cocoa, dried fruits in amounts up to 1.5 g/kg; in chewing gum without added sugar in an amount of up to 5 g/kg (clause 3.15.7 of SanPiN 2.3.2.1293-03).

Application Very intense sweetener, the sweetness lasts a long time; the sweetness profile is similar to that of sugar. The problems of cariogenicity and insulin dependence do not matter with the small dosages used. In an acidic environment (pH< 3) очень медленно (десятые доли процента в год) расщепляется на два моносахарида: 1,6-дихлорфруктозу и 4-хлоргалактозу, при этом сладость снижается, но посторонних привкусов не появля­ется. Применяется как индивидуально, так и в смесях с другими подсластителями для подслащивания напитков, молочных про­дуктов, кондитерских изделий, жевательной резинки, а также в качестве столового подсластителя для напосредственной прода­жи населению. В очень низкой дозировке, как и большинство ин­тенсивных подсластителей, проявляет свойства усилителя вкуса и аромата.

Other applications: pharmaceuticals.

Product forms Food grade substance, used and pentahydrate or concentrated solutions.

E-621 (), 1-substituted glutamic acid, compound formula: C 5 H 8 NNaO 4. In everyday life, E-621 is called “Chinese or onion salt.” It is used by food manufacturers as a taste and aroma enhancer by increasing the sensitivity of tongue receptors, that is, E-621 is a food flavor additive.

Visually, it is a white powder with a crystallized structure, highly soluble in an aqueous environment. E-621 has absolutely no smell, and the taste in its pure form is quite specific. In nature, E-621 is produced independently in some products, namely meat, cheese and mushrooms.

In East Asia, it is one of the most sought-after flavoring ingredients used in food seasonings and a variety of dishes, and has been in demand for decades.

The range of products in which this additive is used is very, very large, the most common among them are instant pasta, snacks, meat, fish, chips, seasonings and other ready-made products. An important factor in the use of glutamate is the excellent opportunity to remove the bad taste and aroma of a product, replacing it with top-class taste qualities.

E-621 is not prohibited in the Russian Federation and European countries, therefore it is also used in the food industry.

The harm to the body is noticeable and is directly related to the large amount of its consumption in a variety of products, as a result of which “Chinese restaurant syndrome” occurs, signs: deterioration of health manifests itself in incomprehensible fatigue, drowsiness, rapid heartbeat, numbness in the occipital-dorsal region.

E-621 also has a negative effect on the eyeballs (even loss of vision is possible) and the brain, leads to glaucoma and affects weight gain.
But there is no evidence from medical studies about the dangers of monosodium glutamate; they are either carefully hidden or simply ignored, as is often the case with ignoring the instructions on the product packaging about the presence of certain additives.

E-621, when used systematically and for a long time, provokes various serious diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, autism, diabetes, headache, migraine.

Almost all manufacturers advocate this food additive - of course, it solves many issues of a taste nature, but what is tasty on the consumer’s tongue is not particularly concerned about the harm caused by the product in the future. And even being aware of the consequences, a person will console himself with the thought that this is the last time I’ll eat something delicious, and tomorrow I won’t, everything happens on a subconscious level and is equivalent to trying to quit smoking, the brain realizes, but the body demands. And if synthetic monosodium glutamate, when used frequently in adults, negatively affects brain cells, then in children it can generally cause irreversible changes. In pregnant women, the benefits of E-621 are not even discussed.

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4.2 out of 5

The relatively new sugar substitute sucralose, registered as a food additive E955, has managed to win the sympathy of many people suffering from diabetes and those who take care of their figure. What exactly is the sweetener sucralose, and what effect does it have on the human body?

Sucralose: history of discovery and properties

The sweetener, which is currently gaining popularity, was developed in 1976 by one of the American companies Tate & Lyle. Interestingly, the discovery of sucralose was due to a small incident that occurred at Queen Elizabeth College. While conducting research into unconventional uses of sucrose (common table sugar), assistant Shashikant Phadnis was asked to test the chemical properties of a chlorinated sugar compound. Due to his imperfect English, Phandis thought he had been asked to taste the substance, and the assistant was quick to do so. He found the chemical compound unusually sweet, which is how the sweetener sucralose came into history.

To date, this sweetener is used both in pure form and in many food products. Sucralose is obtained from ordinary sugar; in fact, this is a multi-stage and rather complex process, but in a generalized form it looks like the saturation of the sucrose molecule with chlorine and the displacement of hydrogen atoms from it. It turns out that sugar is transformed from a simple carbohydrate into a substance with zero calorie content, while being 600 times sweeter than the original product. Judging by the reviews, sucralose is similar in taste to regular sugar and does not have the bitter taste characteristic of many other synthetic sweeteners.

Sucralose is highly soluble in water, very stable in an acidic environment and retains its properties when heated; even after a year of storage, this substance does not lose its taste characteristics. All these qualities allow the use of a sweetener in the manufacturing process of a wide range of products.

Use of the sweetener sucralose

Additive E955 can be found in products such as:

• soft drinks;
• chewing gum;
• bakery products;
• canned food;
• seasonings;
• dry mixes;
• dairy products;
• jellies and jams;
• frozen desserts.

In addition, this sweetener is also available in pure form, which makes it possible to use it as a sweetener for home-cooked table dishes and all kinds of drinks. Is it true, judging by the reviews, sucralose in its pure form is very difficult to find in Russia, you have to order it online, in addition, this sugar substitute is one of the most expensive.

But the scope of application of this product is not limited to the food industry; in pharmacology, sucralose is used in some syrups and medications in order to improve their taste characteristics.

Harm of sucralose: myth or reality

The question of the dangers of sucralose for health is relevant for many. After all, there are a lot of people who want to enjoy sweets when sugar is contraindicated or when extra pounds don’t give them peace. Can a synthetic sugar substitute come to the aid of diabetics and those who count calories?

After the discovery of scuralose, more than a hundred scientific studies were conducted, which demonstrated the absolute non-toxicity of this sweetener. Of course, subject to the maximum permissible daily intake, which currently amounts to 4 mg per 1 kg of human body weight.

The fact that sucralose is harmful is a misconception is also evidenced by the fact that 85% of this substance is not absorbed through the intestinal walls, and the 15% that is still absorbed is excreted in the urine within 24 hours unchanged. Thus, sucralose cannot remain in our body for a long time, and, therefore, it is not capable of causing any harm to our health.

Currently the safest synthetic sugar substitute is sucralose, reviews from experts are proof of this. However, doctors advise not to neglect the recommended daily intake of even this sweetener, since an overdose of any chemical additive can adversely affect the condition of the body.

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Sucralose (splenda) ranks first among synthetic sweeteners. It can be completely or partially replaced in food and drinks, and at the same time not worry about your health.

Molecular form – C12H19Cl3O8. It appears as solid white crystals with no specific odor. Sucralose, trichlorogalactosucrose (E-955) is easily soluble in. This food additive was obtained by treating regular sugar with sulfuryl chloride. When a similar chemical process occurs, the hydroxyl group replaces the chlorine atoms. Also during this process various by-products of chlorination are formed. This produces a substance with a high sugar concentration. About 550 times the sweetness of regular sugar.

Unlike sugar, humans cannot absorb splenda, and it is practically zero.

The process of obtaining sucralose goes through five steps. This production was discovered by British scientists in 1976 and soon became commercial.

Sucralose has its own brand name - Splenda. Sales volume is almost the same as that of the Nutrasvit sweetener. But, compared to nutrasvit, it is stable to heat and various acids.

Harm and benefit

According to all official data, it has been proven that the sweetener is absolutely safe for the human body, but only if the correct dosage is observed.

The supplement does not contain toxins or carcinogens, so it can be used by all people, even pregnant and lactating women.

Before using the additive in the production of various foods, scientists conducted a large number of laboratory studies and received approval from the World Health Organization and the Food and Beverage Control Commission in the United States of America.

This substance is eliminated from the human body so quickly that its components do not have time to be absorbed.

The human body absorbs only 14% of the substance, but it is also eliminated within 24 hours through the urination system.

There is no confirmed data on the negative effects of the additive on the children's body. Therefore, you can safely give children food in which manufacturers have added E955 instead of sugar.

Also, doctors have not identified any side effects that have a negative impact on the functionality of the reproductive and central nervous systems.

Where is it used?

The food additive E-955 is used in the production of various food products. Its goal is to replace sugar and sweeten processed foods. It is used in most countries, including the EU, Russia, Australia and Canada.

In Russia, the food additive is used in the production of:

• fruit, vegetable, sweet and sour canned food, including fish, fish marinades in an amount of no more than 150 mg per 1 kilogram of product;
• soft drinks with flavors, dairy products, fruit juices, without added sugar and with minimal calorie content, no more than 290 mg per 1 kilogram of product;
• flavored desserts based on water, grains, fruits, vegetables, eggs, with a minimum amount of calories;
• , fruit ice without sugar no more than 380 mg per 1 kilogram of product;
• canned foods;
• rich bakery and flour confectionery products, no more than 750 mg per 1 kilogram of product;
• confectionery products;
• chewing gum.

How does it affect the body?

The maximum permissible daily dose of sucralose is no more than 15 mg per 1 kilogram of weight.

When the food additive E-955 enters the human body in the same form, it leaves it through the urination system within 24 hours.

Since it lingers in the body for a short time, it does not have time to get into the brain. Also, the substance cannot cross the barrier of the placenta of pregnant women and does not penetrate into breast milk. Therefore, the food additive E-955 is not dangerous for pregnant or lactating women.

The sweetener cannot interact with other nutrients and does not remove insulin from the body. Therefore, there is nothing wrong with diabetics consuming such products.

The food supplement contains absolutely no calories, and therefore does not contribute to the development of various dental diseases, including caries.

If you exceed the permissible dosage of sucralose, the following symptoms may appear:

• irritation of the skin, the skin begins to itch, swell and become covered with red spots;
• the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract is disrupted;
• the functioning of the central nervous system is disrupted;
• the heartbeat quickens, in rare cases you can notice a sharp increase in blood pressure;
• labored breathing;
• inflammation of the mucous membranes;
• cold symptoms;
• eye itching.

After conducting a large number of experiments and laboratory studies, scientists came to the conclusion that the food additive E-955 is the safest synthetic sweetener. The experiments involved laboratory rats and mice.

Sucralose is absolutely completely biodegradable, therefore it is not toxic to fish and other inhabitants living in the aquatic environment.

What are the advantages of sucralose-based products?

Foods made from this additive differ from products with added natural sugar in the following ways: they have a minimum amount of calories; absolutely safe for people suffering from diabetes (an endocrine disease caused by insufficient amounts of the hormone insulin); There are absolutely no negative effects on dental health.

However, alternative sources tend to claim that the safety of such foods is still not 100% guaranteed. They have their own beliefs on this matter, for example: all safety studies were carried out at the request of manufacturing plants, and besides, the experiments were carried out not on people, but on rats and mice; can harm the human body, which is part of this component; Sufficient time has not yet passed for the potential risks of its use to be assessed.

According to unofficial data, opponents claim that due to this component, people's immune system and its protective barrier are significantly reduced. The development of serious oncological processes and allergic reactions is possible. The development of neurological pathologies and significant hormonal imbalance cannot be ruled out. Despite its low calorie content, it can contribute to weight gain.

Opponents of sweeteners want to convince in every possible way that they are very harmful to the human body, but at the same time their facts have not been officially confirmed anywhere.

But official sources indicate that such a sweetener is absolutely safe.