The first plastic bottle, ubiquitous today, was invented recently.

In order to think well and understand science, you should periodically go on a trip, no matter where, the main thing at this moment is to throw everything out of your head and be alone, only with your thoughts and people close to you.

The history of the invention of the plastic bottle

Initially, ceramics and glass were the medium of choice for bottles. Many large archaeological sites use ceramic and glass shards as a method of dating their finds and these were really the only choice until the late 19th century.

The first plastic bottle first appeared on the scene in 1875, but was surprisingly expensive because science was only recently beginning to understand the many different types, compositions and properties of plastic. One of the first plastics was called Galalite. It was created with milk proteins and formaldehyde, but ultimately proved unsafe for long-term benefit.

Another early plastic was the more familiar name Bakelite from the early 1900s. The first plastic bottle was made using only synthetic materials. The real success was the early Bakelite products, which are still sought after by collectors and historians. It was a synthetic plastic that was heat resistant and did not conduct electricity. Bakelite heralded the invention of plastics in the modern century.

Since the 1960s, the first plastic bottle has become the new standard. The ingredient is made up of a complex chain of molecules, and polyethylene is still widely used today. For our own consolidated product containers, we use high-density plastics to create containers that can bend under external forces.

In 1981, consolidated plastics began to develop new plastic technology, exploring new generations of plastic products and innovative methods, such as blow molding. Blow molding is now used differently than the first plastic bottle. This technology ensures product uniformity and maintains higher standards in shape and size.

The value of plastic for containers

At the moment, a plastic bottle is found almost everywhere, so it is impossible to surprise anyone with plastic. And all thanks to the fact that relatively recently they appeared on the shelves of our stores and became an integral part of our daily life. It is difficult to even imagine what life would be like if thermoplastics had not been invented.

Life for most drinks has indeed changed a lot since the invention of thermoplastics. Only the largest corporations were the first to use it in their production: Coca-Cola and PepsiCo. By the way, it was from them that the inhabitants of the modern CIS learned what plastic bottles are.

When opening a bottle of lemonade or a jar of pickles, we don’t even think that we are using at least two great inventions of mankind - a container and a lid. But if a person could spy the first invention in nature, then the lid is solely a matter of the human mind.

The first bottle of the famous Dom Perignon champagne was released only in 1921. Although the monk winemaker Pierre Perignon lived at the turn of the 17th-18th centuries. He was not only an outstanding winemaker, but also the inventor of the cork stopper. Or, as many people call it, a cork plug.

Plastic vs wood

In the 17th century, a lot of different glassware was already produced in Europe. Yes, it was still far from perfect, but it performed its function - storing liquids - properly. However, winemakers of that time preferred to bottle their wines in barrels or earthenware. A round cork made of wood, wrapped in a rough rag, was quite suitable for sealing. More advanced wine masters used a rag heavily moistened with oil in their work so that the cork would overcome the friction in the neck of the jug. But Perignon was not satisfied with this approach.

First, he replaced the rag with hemp leaves. But it turned out that under the influence of fermentation gases such a plug is spontaneously pushed out. I had to look for something else. Then the monk looked closely at the bark of a Mediterranean oak. The plugs turned out of it turned out to be perfect. Because of their elasticity, they were easily compressed and just as easily unclenched. Despite the fact that the circumference of the necks of those vessels was far from ideal, the oak stoppers were distributed in such a way that they were pressed against all surfaces.

Unfortunately, Perignon's name as the discoverer of the cork has faded in the rays of his fame as a producer of sparkling wines. Even now, 80% of the 20 billion wine bottles produced each year use cork stoppers. Since the early 1990s, this type of cork has had a plastic competitor. It is cheaper than natural, and its other advantage is that it does not allow any gases to pass through. Cortical with its microchannels, alas, cannot boast of this. That is why, in the 21st century, premium wine brands paid attention to the synthetic analogue. Although there is still a strong belief that real wine can only be sealed with an oak cork, and winemakers are in no hurry to go against the consumer’s opinion.

Screw panacea

The oak cork stopper was a brilliant invention, and yet time has shown that during transportation, sparkling wine can push it to the surface. Then someone came up with the idea of ​​putting a wire frame on the cork - in French “musle”. Legend has it that it was Madame Clicquot herself (the founder of the Veuve Clicquot brand) who first made muzle out of wire pulled from a corset. However, this is nothing more than a myth, because before wire, winemakers used ropes for a similar purpose. The patent for the use of wire mesh was received not by Clicquot, but by a certain Adolphe Jaxon in 1844.

Subsequently, they began to place a tin cap (plaque) on the cork under the muzzle, which contained information about the wine and the manufacturer. Using muzle on cork lids turned out to be the right move. But this design, once opened, could no longer be restored. But what about drinks that are drunk more than once?

In 1874, French-American Charles Quilfeldt patented a bottle cap called the “flip top” or “swing” in the United States. He probably brought this design with him from France, where winemakers were already using it. But in the US, such lids were new. This allowed Quilfeldt to claim ownership of the design. The flip top cap was a glass or porcelain stopper equipped with an O-ring and a solid wire structure that snapped shut to hold the stopper tightly in the neck.

Almost simultaneously with the flip top lid, the American Hyman Frank patented the screw lid in 1872 in Pittsburgh. This invention can be put on the same level as paper or the internal combustion engine. For the importance of a screw cap in the world of modern man is difficult to overestimate. Most of the containers used by people in everyday life have just such lids. Metal, plastic or even wood - they have earned such popularity for a reason.

Among the undoubted advantages of the screw cap is the possibility of reusable use without significant effort. And also a reliable closure that prevents unauthorized penetration of liquid from the vessel. By the way, in recent years, even some producers of top wines have abandoned cork and synthetic shot in favor of screw caps. For example, a bottle of expensive Chablis Premier Cru wine from Domaine Laroche has such a cap. In contrast to conservatives who believe that wine can only be closed with a cork stopper, Domaine Laroche winemakers say that with a screw cap they can be sure that “in five or 10 years, when we open the wine, we will get exactly what we wanted to get. In the case of a regular traffic jam, this does not always happen.”

Universal "crown"

Another event that changed the bottle world was the invention in 1892 of a bottle cap resembling a crown by Baltimore mechanic William Painter. He named his product with 24 teeth - crown-cork. Its principle was simple - a metal cap with a wavy rim was put on the neck, and the sealer evenly pressed the cap around the neck using mechanical pressure.

True, for a better result, Painter had to add a rim to the neck of the bottle, and put a gasket into the cap itself so that the metal would not come into contact with the drink (at first the gaskets were made of cork, but in the 1960-1970s it was replaced by polyvinyl chloride). In April 1893, William founded the Crown Cork and Seal Company, which became the world market leader in the production of crown caps. The consumer liked the “toothy hat”. Rumor has it that the Bud-Weiser beer company, which adopted the new product in 1876, owes its success to it.

By the way, this type of cap is still the only alternative for beer bottles. But the number of teeth on the lid was reduced from 24 to 21, and the height decreased. In the USSR, such covers appeared only in the early 1960s. At first it was just something like thick foil on milk bottles. Later, having purchased equipment, the Soviet industry began to produce beer in bottles with convenient caps.

From Painter’s invention, also called pry-off, a cult lid for housewives was born - “twist-off”. At first it was also intended for bottles, but it was more suitable for jars in which homemade products were stored. “Twist-off” required a thread on the neck of the can or bottle, but could be opened with bare hands. The same cannot be said about the favorite lid of Soviet housewives - the SKO type, with a rubber gasket. It required a seamer and skill to close the can, and a can opener to open it. But in the absence of an alternative, the Soviet people consumed these caps by the millions per year. And by inertia they do this to this day.

But it was the Russians who came up with this type of hobby, such as collecting plastic caps, and called it “philolydia”. Experts in this area can tell about the brand and drink just by the cap. Although, in fairness, we note that in general, collecting corks in the world dates back at least a hundred years. This is considered one of the areas of birophilia - collecting various items of beer paraphernalia.

Plastic bottle – trash or “treasure”?

6th grade student

Head: Kazunina N.Yu.-

geography teacher

With. Voskresenskoye

2015

Content

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………. . 3

Relevance of the topic..……………………………………………………….3

Purpose of the work………………………………………………………………………………3

Tasks…………………………………………………………………………………..3

Research methods………………………………………………………3

Expected results………………………………………………………..3

History of the creation of the bottle ……………………………………………………….. …….. …...4

The history of the appearance of a plastic bottle …………………………... …...4

Environmental problems associated with plastic bottles………………………………………………………………………………..4

How to turn waste into income……………………………………………………….5

2. Analysis of the survey.……………………………………………………................................. ......... 6

3.Practical part

Results of observations “The number of bottles on the streets of our village”...7

Results of the experiment………………………..……………………………………..7

4. Second life of plastic bottles……………………………………...8

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………..9

References……………………………………………………………10

Application………………………………………………………………. …..eleven

Introduction.

Relevance of the topic.

On September 28, our school held an environmental lesson “Let’s do it together” as part of the All-Russian action, during which we talked about the problem of waste. Indeed, wherever you go: to the river, to the forest to pick mushrooms, even just walking down the street, everywhere under your feet you find garbage, most often plastic bottles and bags, which are packaging material. They lie along the roadsides. There are especially many of them after the holidays. Entire bags of empty bottles are thrown directly onto the road. Perhaps soon the surroundings of our settlement will gradually turn into one large landfill.

NowadaysMillions of bottles are produced and thrown away every year. The huge amount of garbage on the streets of the village made me think about the question: what do plastic bottles lying under a person’s feet bring to a person - benefit or harm?

Problem: all the streets of the village, all the roads are littered with garbage, most of which are plastic bottles.

Purpose of my research : explore the significance of a plastic bottle in human life and find ways to reuse a plastic bottle.

Tasks:

1. Familiarize yourself with the history of the creation and use of plastic bottles;

2. Find out about the signs of environmental friendliness and recycling.

3. Find a useful use for this item.

4.Draw students’ attention to respect for the environment.

Object of study are unnecessary plastic bottles.

Subject of study : Possibility of recycling plastic bottlesHypothesis: Suppose if we use what lies under our feet in landfills, then people will cause less harm to nature.

Novelty is that recycling plastic bottles preserves the environment and develops creativity.

Stages of work:

1. Study the literature on this issue

2. Get acquainted with the types of solid waste (solid waste), methods of their processing and disposal, the influence of natural factors on the decomposition of plastic and methods of obtaining plastic.

3. Conduct a survey of school students and their parents.

4.Suggest ways to reuse plastic bottles at home.

Research methods:

Study of literary sources;

Sociological survey;

Observation.

Practical activities

Significance and applied value of the work : teach schoolchildren to take care of the nature around us, instill in them the skills of manual labor and respect for the work of elders, and expand knowledge about the history of things.

Expected Result:

Let's find out who invented plastic bottles and when;

Let's find out whether they bring benefit or harm;

Let's come up with a second life for them;

Let's attract children's attention to preserving the environment;

Arouse interest in creativity and invention.

1.Plastic bottle. General information.

History of the bottle

Bottle - a container for long-term storage of liquids, a tall vessel of predominantly cylindrical shape and with a narrow neck, convenient for sealing . Large bottles are sometimes called carboys. Made primarily from , often dark, recently bottles from materials (usually polyethylene). Bottles made from , and other materials.

Having studied various sources of literature on this issue, I found out that the history of the origin of the bottle goes back to the distant past. The first glass workshop was found by archaeologists in Egypt, and dates back to 1370 BC. The ancient Egyptians attached great importance to the shape of bottles and made figures of a person or some vegetable. They were made by forming a quartz paste around a metal rod.

A considerable number of surviving glass objects dating back to the period of the Roman Empire, found during archaeological excavations, indicate the widespread use of bottles and vials for various purposes. Bottles in ancient Rome were blown according to a certain pattern, and the mark on them was the same.

Gradually, thanks to technological progress, the bottle turned from a luxury item into a convenient vessel suitable for trading various products. An even more productive bottle production technology was invented by the Englishman Michael Owenos in 1901 - the first automatic bottle machine appeared.

Among the advantages of glass, the best storage of the drink stands out, which is why it is believed that a drink from a glass bottle “tastes better.” Another big advantage of glass bottles is the possibility of repeated reuse. Although reusing bottles is unprofitable even for the manufacturer - you never know how and who used the bottle and what was stored in it. Therefore, recycled bottles are crushed and added to the brewing mass.

The history of the appearance of a plastic bottle.

While researching the history of the plastic bottle, I learned that the plastic bottle first appeared on the US market in 1970, almost 45 years ago. In Russia, plastic bottles gained popularity after the Western corporations Coca-Cola and PepsiCo entered the soft drink market. The first plant for the production of lemonade in plastic bottles in the USSR was opened by PepsiCo in 1974 in Novorossiysk. The first plastic bottle weighed 135 grams. Now she weighs 69 grams. In the modern world, no one is surprised by the appearance of a plastic bottle. Such bottles, as a rule, have a larger volume compared to glass ones, and are safer due to their elasticity. Nowadays, plastic bottles are used not only by producers of carbonated drinks and beer, but also by cosmetics and perfume factories.

Environmental problems associated with plastic bottles.

My mother remembers when, even in our village, glass bottles and waste paper were collected and handed over in exchange for some food product, and these bottles and paper were taken away for recycling. And now? Now both glass and plastic bottles litter our streets! And not only!

In an environmental lesson, I learned that accumulations of plastic bottles on the planet are already forming real floating continents in the oceans. Scientists are sounding the alarm: gigantic deposits of garbage have accumulated in the Pacific Ocean. These are mainly plastic and petroleum products. They are located somewhere between Japan and the west coast of the United States. According to rough estimates, this “plastic island” weighs 100 million tons. Moreover, basically it is a kind of mixture of half-decomposed plastic, which is not visible either from the air or from a satellite. According to the World Wildlife Fund, these accumulations of garbage pose a great threat to living organisms. According to Japanese scientist Katsuhiko Saido, when plastic decomposes, it releases toxic substances that can cause serious hormonal disorders in both animals and humans.

The threat from plastic containers to the Earth’s ecology is not limited to this. The production of plastic bottles in the United States alone requires about 18 million barrels of oil per year. (1 barrel of US oil equals 158.988).

People are already tired of the plastic waste that they themselves create. The creation of plastic packaging solved many problems, but also created no less. The garbage that our fathers left in their vacation spots has long turned into dust, and even our great-great-grandchildren will see our plastic bottles, because they are “eternal.”

How long is garbage stored?

Very often, walking through the forest, people are greeted with bitterness by garbage. They meet him, are upset, but leave him lying in the same place, with the thought: “Nothing, the rain will wash him away, he will rot, in general, he will go somewhere.” But we are deeply mistaken... Each type of garbage has its own decomposition period. (Annex 1.)

So a plastic bottle has a decomposition period of more than 100 years - that’s more than a century.

How to turn waste into income.

At the environmental lesson, I also learned what can be done with waste.

The most effective way to dispose of used packaging isrecycling . This is beneficial from both an economic and environmental point of view. Thanks to modern recycling lines, plastic bottle waste produces excellent raw materials for the production of any product. The same plastic bottle can be produced from recycled PET (PET) granules. Also, recycled PET granulate is used to produce a huge number of other products: film, twine, brushes, plastic containers, etc.

IN THE USA, Japan, Canada, the process of processing secondary raw materials into first-class products began to be implemented in the mid-80s of the last century. They have adopted national programs with appropriate government funding, the goal of which is to stop environmental pollution from packaging waste.
In the EU countries, which adopted the Packaging Waste Declaration in 1994, the European Parliament and the European Council of Ministers introduced a uniform packaging waste strategy law aimed at preventing the increase in municipal solid waste, its recycling and the safe disposal of non-recyclable residues.

As a result, the problem of recycling (from the Latin utilis - useful) packaging waste through recycling in these countries has been practically solved.

The history of waste recycling in Russia is as follows.

IN recycling was given great importance. Have been developed , , there were collection points throughout the country . To collect And schoolchildren and members were involved .

Over the past 10 years, the role of the state in organizing waste collection and recycling has been declining. The state system of secondary resources was eliminated. Within the framework of this system, there were more than five hundred enterprises for the processing of secondary raw materials and about 6,000 collection points for the procurement and processing of secondary raw materials from the population.

Considering the relevance and vital need to solve problems with waste processing (including solid waste), the leadership of the Russian Federation has approved a program to transfer the domestic economy into the mainstream of new development. In accordance with the order of the President of the Russian Federation dated March 8, 2011 No. 574 and The Rusekoil company is preparing projects with a capacity of 1 million tons per year in St. Petersburg and the Moscow region, and projects are also being implemented in the Far East.

We can expect an increase in waste recycling volumes in the future.

From all of the above, I made the followingconclusions:

1. First of all, stop littering yourself! It’s so simple: throw garbage in the trash can, not on the road, collect the garbage in a bag and take it to a special landfill.

2. It is necessary to pay attention to the environmental education of citizens. Adults should teach their children from an early age to respect nature and be an example for them:

3. Selling recycled materials is not only a way to earn money, but also to save our natural resources, to keep the air, forests, rivers, and seas clean.

4. To reduce the amount of waste produced and increase the share of it that goes into recycling, coordinated efforts are needed from the entire population, business circles and government.

5.When purchasing goods, pay attention to the environmental label on the packaging. For many consumers, the “recyclable” label means more than a quality label.(Appendix 2.)

2. Survey analysis.

I decided to conduct a survey of students at our school.

Target: find out what products in plastic packaging are purchased, used and where the packaging goes.

19 families of students from our school took part in the survey. Survey participants were asked the following questions:

1 . Do you buy food in plastic packaging? Which?

2. Where do you put plastic bottles after use?

3. If you don’t throw it away, how do you use plastic bottles?

The results of the survey showed the following result:

5. Website “Ecology” [electronic resource] Access mode:

And other Internet resources.

Annex 1.

Table of the frequency of occurrence of various types of garbage and the timing of its decomposition

Appendix 2.

	The product is made from recycled materials or is recyclable.
	The packaging should be thrown into the trash.
	Do not throw away, you must take it to a specialist. recycling point.
	Recyclable plastic - the sign is placed directly on the product. The triangle may indicate a number code for the type of plastic: 1 PETE - Polyethylene terephthalate 2 HDPE - High Density Polyethylene 3 PVC PVC - Polyvinyl chloride 4 LDPE - Low Density Polyethylene 5 PP - Polypropylene 6 PS - Polystyrene 7 Other types of plastic
	""Green dot" - the mark is placed on goods produced by companies that provide financial assistance to the German waste recycling program "Eco Emballage" ("Ecological Packaging") and are included in its recycling system.

Appendix 3.

Questionnaire “How are plastic bottles used in my classroom.”

Appendix 4.

Experience. Combustion.

Plastic bottle

strong unpleasant odor

black

takes a long time to melt before it ignites

Paper

pleasant smell (smell of burnt feathers)

grayish

flares up

People have managed remarkably well without bottles for thousands of years. Back in the Stone Age, pottery masters learned to make pottery for every taste. Wine, oil and other liquids were stored in jugs and amphorae for hundreds of generations in various countries. And for especially special occasions, a container made of silver was also purchased.

Almost four thousand years ago the first bottle-like vessels appeared. They were literally molded from a softened glassy mass in Phenicia and Egypt. A real revolution in glassmaking was the invention of the glass blowing tube. The technological breakthrough happened just over two thousand years ago. And more recently, in 1611, the British learned to make glass using coal. This increased the temperature and plasticity of the glass mass, making the work of glassblowers easier. The British also added the final touch to the technology; in 1901 they invented the bottle press.

In the 18th century, glass finally replaced all other materials. The glass did not react with its contents, ideally preserving the taste of the drink. Dark glass of black, brown or green colors protected the wine from direct sunlight. It was convenient to store, transport and sell the product in bottles. In a word, glass containers have confidently taken over clay containers. Before complete victory, the glass had to take the last step.

The fact is that for a long time the presence of a bottle on noble tables was considered bad form. Anything - silver, ceramic, glass jugs, bowls, but not bottles! This utensil was considered common, peasant. Despite the fact that it was very expensive and had a wide variety of forms. The situation was turned around by a certain marquis, who left no history of his name. He risked shocking the noble guests and placed bottled wine on the dining table. The effect exceeded all expectations - the bottle on the table became common throughout aristocratic Europe.

Types of bottles

Glass bottle

A glass bottle is more expensive, as a result of which a drink in a glass container is more expensive than a drink of the same volume in a plastic container. Among the advantages of glass, there is better storage of the drink, which is why it is believed that a drink from a glass bottle tastes better. Another advantage for the buyer of glass bottles is the possibility of repeated use.

Plastic bottle

Among containers for carbonated drinks, plastic bottles are the most popular due to their low price. Such bottles, as a rule, have a larger volume compared to glass ones and are safer due to their elasticity. Plastic bottles have become very popular in everyday life and can be used for various needs. The Pepsi plastic bottle first appeared on the US market in 1970. Since 1973, lavsan bottles have been used. In Russia, plastic bottles gained popularity after Western corporations Coca-Cola and PepsiCo entered the soft drink market. The first plant for the production of lemonade in plastic bottles in the USSR was opened by PepsiCo in 1974 in Novorossiysk.

Plastic bottles are widely used in households. In third world countries, where ordinary European dishes and containers are rare, plastic containers have a significant demand; in Ethiopia, used bottles are sold directly in the markets. In African countries, sandals are made from flattened one and a half liter bottles. Bottles are used to make birdhouses, mousetraps, funnels and seedling pots, used to protect young rice shoots, hung on fences as crow scarecrows, and used as waterproof caps on poles. In Mongolia they are burned as sacrifices to spirits.

Champagne bottles

Champagne bottles are named after biblical characters:

• quart, split or piccolo bottle 187.5 or 200 ml used mainly by airlines and nightclubs
• Demie 375 ml used in restaurants
• Bouteille 750 ml
• Magnum 1.5 l (equivalent to 2 bottles)
• Jeroboam 3 l (4 bottles)
• Rehoboam 4.5 l (6 bottles)
• Methuselah 6 l (8 bottles)
• Salmanazar 9 l (12 bottles)
• Balthazar 12 l (16 bottles)
• Nebuchadnezzar 15 l (20 bottles)
• Melchior 18 l (24 bottles)
• Solomon 25 l
• Primat 27 liters (36 bottles)
• Melchizedek 30 l (40 bottles)

Preparations for the 1980 Olympics began four years before the opening ceremony. And it became a unique opportunity for foreign manufacturers to develop a new, inexperienced market of developed socialism. 35 years ago, citizens of the USSR first tried foreign soda, chewing gum and other goods. Even plastic has become a curiosity for many - after all, Soviet soda dispensers always had a faceted glass. A plastic bottle in those days became a real discovery. Lightweight and yet reliable, it did not break and could be used again and again.

Today, plastic bottles, or, as experts call it, PET packaging, have become an integral and at the same time familiar part of our lives. Milk, vegetable and olive oil, baby food, carbonated drinks, strong alcohol (whisky, cognac, vodka) and, of course, beer are stored in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers. In Russia, about 50% of the amber drink is bottled in PET containers.

PET bottles are popular largely due to their ease of use. With such packaging, you can be sure that the container will not break during transportation and will reach the buyer. In addition, plastic is lightweight and, most importantly, safe for the consumer.

“Polyethylene terephthalate has been used as a food packaging material for about 40 years, and during this time no harmful effects have ever been detected. PET, being a safe material for contact with food, has all approvals for use in Russia, the USA, EU countries and is used in all developed countries without any restrictions,” explained Nikolay, technical director of the non-profit partnership “Association of Polyethylene Terephthalate Manufacturers and Processors” Fat.

Despite periodic concerns about the safety of packaging that appear in the media, there is not a single study that speaks of the dangers of PET containers. Although a lot of them were carried out. Moreover, plastic packaging annually receives quality certificates, which are necessary for its sale in retail outlets.

Despite the fact that, according to food chemist-technologist, member of the British Flavor Society Sergei Belkov, “there is nothing chemically inert in this world,” he also found no evidence of harm from PET containers. “If we are talking about pure PET, then today there is not a single reason to believe that there is anything dangerous there. Regardless of what you pour there: soda, juices or beer. Dibutyl phthalate** is generally a filler. It is prohibited for use in the production of food containers. There is simply no reason to suspect that someone is adding it on purpose. For what? Accordingly, if it is not there, then it cannot be released,” the chemist concluded.

According to him, since there is no evidence of the harm of plastic bottles, perhaps the reason for the talk about banning it is rather economic. By abandoning PET, brewers will have to bottle their products in different containers. In addition, due to possible restrictions, according to beer industry experts, from 30% to 50% of small and medium-sized factories will close, and the cost of the drink itself will rise by 25%, which may lead to the transition of some consumers to a stronger and, consequently, alcohol has a serious impact on human health.

The fact that beer in plastic bottles does not contribute to the alcoholization of the nation, but, on the contrary, reduces its level, has recently been proven.

“As statistical analysis shows, mortality from alcohol and other health indicators do not depend on beer consumption. The most significant reduction in the harmful effects of alcohol consumption occurred between 2003 and 2007, when strong alcohol consumption decreased and beer consumption increased. Thus, increased beer regulation has failed to improve public health outcomes,” the institute’s study says.

According to scientists, consumption of strong alcoholic beverages harms people much more strongly.

* Polyethylene terephthalate is a thermoplastic. The most common representative of the polyester class from which plastic bottles are produced.