Original taken from ajbolit444 The amazing healing properties of salt... I'm shocked... This story was found in an old newspaper. It talks about the amazing healing properties of salt, which was used during the Second World War to treat wounded soldiers. During the Great Patriotic War, I worked as a senior operating nurse in field hospitals with surgeon I.I. Shcheglov. Unlike other doctors, he successfully used a hypertonic solution of table salt in the treatment of the wounded.
He placed a loose, large napkin generously moistened with saline solution on the large surface of the contaminated wound. After 3-4 days, the wound became clean, pink, the temperature, if high, dropped almost to normal levels, after which a plaster bandage was applied. After another 3-4 days, the wounded were sent to the rear. The hypertonic solution worked great—we had almost no mortality.

About 10 years after the war, I used Shcheglov’s method to treat my own teeth, as well as caries complicated by granuloma. Good luck came within two weeks. After that, I began to study the effect of saline solution on diseases such as cholecystitis, nephritis, chronic appendicitis, rheumatic carditis, inflammatory processes in the lungs, articular rheumatism, osteomyelitis, abscesses after injection, and so on.
In principle, these were isolated cases, but each time I received positive results quite quickly. Later, I worked in a clinic and could tell you about a number of rather difficult cases in which a saline dressing turned out to be more effective than all other medications. We managed to cure hematomas, bursitis, and chronic appendicitis. The fact is that the saline solution has absorbent properties and draws liquid with pathogenic flora from the tissue. Once, during a business trip to the region, I stayed in an apartment. The housewife's children suffered from whooping cough. They coughed continuously and painfully. I put salt bandages on their backs overnight. After an hour and a half, the cough stopped and did not appear until the morning. After four dressings, the disease disappeared without a trace.
At the clinic in question, the surgeon suggested that I try a saline solution in the treatment of tumors. The first such patient was a woman with a cancerous mole on her face. She noticed this mole six months ago. During this time, the mole turned purple, increased in volume, and gray-brown liquid was released from it. I started making salt stickers for her. After the first sticker, the tumor turned pale and shrank.
After the second, she turned even more pale and seemed to shrink. The discharge has stopped. And after the fourth sticker, the mole acquired its original appearance. With the fifth sticker, the treatment ended without surgery.
Then there was a young girl with a mammary adenoma. She had to undergo surgery. I advised the patient to apply salt dressings to her chest for several weeks before the operation. Imagine, no surgery was required.
Six months later, she developed an adenoma on her second breast. Again, she was cured with hypertensive patches without surgery. I met her nine years after treatment. She felt well and did not even remember her illness.
I could continue the stories of miraculous cures using bandages with a hypertonic solution. I could tell you about a teacher at one of the Kursk institutes who, after nine saline pads, got rid of prostate adenoma.
A woman who suffered from leukemia regained her health after wearing salt bandages - a blouse and trousers - for three weeks at night.

Practice of using salt dressings.

Good luck. Aibolit.

From reader comments:

And there is also a folk way to fight nightmares - put a cup of salt at the head of the head... (you can also place it in the corners of the house)

What do we know about salt?

No one will argue that salt is a basic necessity. There are 300 g of it in the human body. Every day this supply is consumed, and every day it must be replenished. Don't think that salt is only necessary for the taste of food. It serves as the material from which hydrochloric acid is formed in the stomach. Thanks to this acid, food is digested and microbes die. In addition, salt saves us from dehydration by retaining moisture in the body. Now salt is widely available and we do not value it, but this was not always the case. In the old days, real wars broke out over salt, taxes were paid with it, and peasant revolts were extinguished by the distribution of salt. In China they even made money from salt.

To do this, the brine was boiled until thick, until it took the form of dough. Then they made pies from this “dough”, put the emperor’s mark on them and dried them. In countries where there were no salt deposits, it was mined in some intricate way. For example, Miklouho-Maclay wrote that the Papuans collected pieces of wood that had lain in sea water for a long time, burned them and ate the salted ash. Nowadays there are two types of salt - rock and evaporation. It also differs in the type of grinding and purity (extra, premium, first and second grade). Rock salt is mined from the ground in the form in which we find it on the shelves. It is only subjected to grinding. Its taste is milder than the boiled one, and housewives prefer it for winter preparations. Evaporated salt is extracted by the dissolution method. Distilled water is pumped directly underground into the salt layer, and then the brine is lifted through pipes to the surface, evaporated under vacuum and highly purified salt is obtained. Since salt is a product that we eat every day in approximately the same quantities, it is increasingly used as a carrier of trace elements.

Salt is enriched mainly with iodine and fluorine. For example, 60% of the salt sold in Germany and 80% of the salt sold in Switzerland are fortified with fluoride. This salt is used to prevent dental diseases. Agree that the effect of toothpaste is much less, its effect is local and very short-term. In countries where iodine deficiency occurs, salt enriched with iodine is produced. In our body, such salt quickly breaks down and releases iodine, which is necessary for the thyroid gland for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Consumption of such salt in an amount of 5-6 g per day completely satisfies the body's need for iodine. Today, the problem of iodine deficiency is very acute. First of all, because of the huge number of people it affects and the possible consequences for individuals and society.

In Russia, for example, 98 million people are susceptible to iodine deficiency, more than half of whom are children, adolescents and pregnant women. Lack of iodine in the diet leads to irreversible changes in the nervous system. Due to damage to the central nervous system, children in areas with low iodine intake develop mental retardation - one of the most severe manifestations of iodine deficiency. Salt is our main seasoning, and it is necessary for humans, since its natural amount in water and food is not enough for our body. Just remember that too much salt can have negative consequences. This leads to increased blood pressure, heart and kidney disease, and a dose of 3000 mg/1 kg body weight is fatal. As the proverb says, “There is no poison, there is dose.”

THEMATIC SECTIONS:

Table salt rich in vitamins and minerals such as: calcium - 36.8%, chlorine - 2595.2%, iron - 16.1%, cobalt - 150%, manganese - 12.5%, copper - 27.1%, molybdenum - 157.1%

What are the benefits of table salt?

• Calcium is the main component of our bones, acts as a regulator of the nervous system, and is involved in muscle contraction. Calcium deficiency leads to demineralization of the spine, pelvic bones and lower extremities, increasing the risk of developing osteoporosis.
• Chlorine necessary for the formation and secretion of hydrochloric acid in the body.
• Iron is part of proteins of various functions, including enzymes. Participates in the transport of electrons and oxygen, ensures the occurrence of redox reactions and activation of peroxidation. Insufficient consumption leads to hypochromic anemia, myoglobin deficiency atony of skeletal muscles, increased fatigue, myocardiopathy, and atrophic gastritis.
• Cobalt is part of vitamin B12. Activates enzymes of fatty acid metabolism and folic acid metabolism.
• Manganese participates in the formation of bone and connective tissue, is part of enzymes involved in the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates, catecholamines; necessary for the synthesis of cholesterol and nucleotides. Insufficient consumption is accompanied by slower growth, disturbances in the reproductive system, increased fragility of bone tissue, and disturbances in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
• Copper is part of enzymes that have redox activity and are involved in iron metabolism, stimulates the absorption of proteins and carbohydrates. Participates in the processes of providing oxygen to the tissues of the human body. Deficiency is manifested by disturbances in the formation of the cardiovascular system and skeleton, and the development of connective tissue dysplasia.
• Molybdenum is a cofactor for many enzymes that ensure the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids, purines and pyrimidines.

still hide

You can see a complete guide to the most useful products in the appendix.

MUNICIPAL EDUCATIONAL BUDGETARY INSTITUTION SECONDARY SCHOOL in the village of OKTYABRSKOE, MUNICIPAL DISTRICT, STERLITAMAK DISTRICT

REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN

Completed by: 8th grade students of the Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School in the village of Oktyabrskoye

Shaizhanova Albina Akbulatovna
Head: chemistry teacher Iskhakova Rufina Uralovna

2014

Introduction........................................................ ........................................................ ........................... 3 pages
Chapter I .Main part
1.1.Literature review

1.1.1.History of table salt……………………………………………………………………......4 pp.
1.1.2. Extraction methods and main deposits of table salt ………………......4 pp.
1.1.3 .The importance of salt, its properties and composition ………………………………………………………………5 pp.

1.1.4. Tips for using salt...……………………………………………………………………..7 pp.

Chapter II. experimental part

2.1.Description of the tests performed.................................................... ....................................8 p.

2.2.Results………………………………………………………………………………......9 p.

2.3. Conclusions………………………………………………………………………………….9 p.

Conclusions e................................................... ........................................................ ............................... 10 pages

Bibliographic reference To................................................. ...........................................11 p.

Application................................................. ........................................................ ............................12 pages

INTRODUCTION
Sodium chloride NaCl is a highly soluble salt in water, known as cookery Salt is a mineral substance. Without it, the life of plants, animals and humans is impossible, since it ensures the most important physiological processes in organisms: in the blood, salt creates the necessary conditions for the existence of red blood cells, in the muscles it determines the ability to excitability, in the stomach it forms hydrochloric acid, without which it would be impossible digestion and absorption of food. The meaning of salt is reflected in numerous proverbs, sayings, customs, aphorisms, which emphasized the deep significance of salt in human life. “Bread and salt” is one of the wishes that Russian people have exchanged with each other during meals for a long time, emphasizing the equal value of salt with bread. Bread and salt became a symbol of hospitality and cordiality of the Russian nation. They say: “To know a person, you have to eat a pound of salt with him.” . It turns out that the wait is not so long: in two years, two people eat a pound of salt (16 kg), since each person consumes from 3 to 5.5 kg of salt in food per year. The proverb “you can live without gold, but you can’t live without salt” is worth it! This means salt is an important mineral and therefore has special properties.Subject ourresearch "Table salt"and its properties»

Relevance This research is to study the properties of salt, to find out whether salt is really necessary for people. Invite students to participate in the study of this topic.

Hypothesis: If we study the properties of salt, then we will understand why salt is an important mineral.

Goal of the work : study the properties of salt. To achieve this goal, we set the following tasks:

study the literature on this issue;

study the physical and chemical properties of table salt

conduct an experiment to determine the physical and chemical properties of school and home;

analyze the research results and draw conclusions.

Object of study table salt appeared.

Subject of research became physical and chemical properties of table salt.

Research methods:

Observation

Literature Study

Conducting the experiment

Processing the results

Taking photographs.

Research base steel school chemistry laboratory MOBU SOSH village. Oktyabrskoye, Sterlitamak district of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

Job consists of an introduction, two chapters, generalizations and conclusions, bibliography, and appendix.

CHAPTER I. MAIN PART

1.1.Literature review

1. 1. History of table salt.

The need for salt for life has been known since ancient times. There is evidence that,that the extraction of table salt was carried out as early as 3-4 thousand years BC.

But salt was once an expensive commodity. Lomonosov wrote that at that time you could buy a slave for four small pieces of salt. Salt was served on the table in expensive salt shakers; people took care of it, saved it, and boasted about it: the presence of salt on the table was a sign of wealth and well-being.

They stocked up on salt in case of disasters and used it to pay instead of money. The Latin word "salarium" and the English word "salary", meaning "salary", "salary", are of "salt" origin. . Because of salt, popular unrest and military clashes occurred - for example, the famous “salt riots” and wars over rock salt deposits and salt reservoirs. The value of salt gave rise to a number of proverbs, sayings, and aphorisms that emphasized the deep significance of salt in human life. One saying “you can live without gold, but you can’t live without salt” is worth it!

Since very ancient times, the attitude towards salt has developed in two directions: “sacred” salt - a symbol of eternity, purity, purity, constancy and “cursed” salt - a symbol of evil, misfortune, misfortune. On the one hand, salt cleansed with its holiness, and on the other, it desecrated with its magical properties.

The belief in the magical effect of salt was so strong that among many peoples, salt began to serve as a talisman in all cases of life. Salt protected a person, his home, and domestic animals from witchcraft, evil spirits, and the “evil” eye. Soldiers took the salt sacred in the church on the road to protect them from meeting sorcerers and witches. The legend about Till Eulenspiegel says: “On the night of werewolves, when all sinful souls leave hell, you must cross yourself three times with your left hand and say: “Salt!” Salt! Salt!" This is a sign of immortality and no evil spirit will touch you.”

During Lent, salt was considered a powerful remedy against the devil and a talisman against bewitched diseases. This is where the ancient Tyrolean custom of sprinkling salt on Lenten pretzels originated. .

Salt became very early one of the most important units of exchange. There was a time when in Rus' princely squads were paid in salt, and in Tsarist Russia salt was part of the salary. For many centuries, in different countries where salt was scarce, it was highly valued.

The first mention of salt making in Rus' dates back to the 12th century. But then the salt trade was a free trade. It was sold along with furs, leather, wax and honey. Meanwhile, exporting salt in large quantities abroad was not allowed. And under Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, selling salt to foreigners was punishable by death. It has always been difficult to obtain salt.

The largest deposits of rock salt were in the Urals in the Donbass region and in the Caspian lowland.

In Russia, back in the 16th century, famous Russian entrepreneurs the Stroganovs received their largest income from salt mining. From the foothills of the Urals, salt was sent to Moscow, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Kaluga, and even abroad.

1. 1.2. Extraction methods and main deposits of table salt.

In the earth's crust and on its surface, along with deposits of various water-insoluble minerals, there are deposits of soluble minerals - salts, found both in the form of solid deposits and in the form of solutions .

The salt deposits are the remains of a dried-up ancient ocean. Salt layers can be located both underground (their depth can reach) more than 1 km, and on the surface - in this case they often form salt lakes. These deposits arose over many periods of the earth’s life, when climatic conditions favorable for their appearance were created. The source of these deposits is sea water, from the salts of which deposits of fossil salts, salt lakes, and underground brines were formed. As seawater evaporated, the concentration of salts gradually increased.

Sodium chloride is found in nature in ready-made form. But it is especially abundant in sea water and salt lakes; in large masses it is found in the form of solid rock salt. It is estimated that the sea water of all seas and oceans contains so much salt that it could cover the entire globe with a layer 45 m thick.

Solid or rock salt forms huge mountains underground, not inferior in size to the high peaks of the Pamirs and the Caucasus. The base of this mountain lies at a depth of 5-8 kilometers, and the peaks rise to the earth's surface and even protrude from it. Giant mountains are also called salt domes.

In ancient times, people used several methods for extracting table salt: natural evaporation of sea water in “salt ponds”, where sodium chloride precipitated - “sea” salt, boiling water from salt lakes to obtain “evaporated” salt, and breaking out “rock” salt in underground mines . There was a method of producing salt - “burning”. This method was used near those coasts of modern Germany, where peat deposits were located not far from the water. When there was a storm or high tide, salty seawater saturated the peat. When the water left, the peat dried out, but the salt remained. Gradually a lot of salt accumulated in it. The saturated peat was dug up and burned, and the ash was leached in water and the solution was evaporated.

Salt practically does not exist in its pure form; it usually has various impurities.

In Russia and the CIS countries, the largest amount of table salt is obtained by mining rock and self-planting salt. Evaporation and pool salts produce a small amount - less than 5%.

One of the common methods of extracting table salt is the open method. Development using this method is carried out when the upper horizon of the salt layer is at a shallow depth. Salt is mined using this method at a depth of up to 20 meters, and sometimes up to 150 meters. In this case, a quarry or distribution is arranged; for this, the salt layer is loosened (crushed) mechanically or explosively to remove the top layer of cover rocks, then the salt is excavated. In large developments, excavators, scrapers with winches or with tractor traction, mechanical shovels and other mechanisms are used for this purpose. One of the disadvantages of open-pit salt mining is the contamination of salt with dust deposits, and especially the flooding of the quarry with atmospheric precipitation and soil.

1.1.3. The importance of salt, its properties and composition.

Salt is used in everyday life and in industry.

Only 3% of the total amount of extracted salt ends up in our stomachs. 3.5% is used in washing machines to remove scale. Salt is also used in dyeing and tanning shops, in the feed industry and, as before, in the manufacture of fish and other canned food and pickles.

Another 12% of salt is consumed in public utilities. It is scattered on pavements and sidewalks to melt ice and snow. It is certainly harmful for the environment that such an amount of salt ends up in the soil, rivers and lakes. Therefore, salt is only allowed to be used by city services to reduce the number of accidents and car accidents during the winter.

The main part - 80% - of the salt is used in the production of soda, chlorine, and hydrochloric acid. Salt is also necessary in the production of glass, aluminum, soap, medicines, paper and much more.

Sodium chloride NaCI is a highly soluble salt in water, known as table salt. Without this salt, the life of plants, animals, and humans is impossible, since it ensures the most important physiological processes in organisms: in the blood, salt creates the necessary conditions for the existence of red blood cells, in the muscles it determines the ability to excitability, in the stomach it forms hydrochloric acid, without which there would be Digestion and absorption of food is impossible.

In the human body there are up to 3 kg of mineral salts, of which 5/6 is part of the skeleton, a significant proportion is occupied by table salt. With a weight of 50 kg, our body contains about 150 g of salt.

Table salt is a necessary component of food. It is “responsible” for ensuring that the fluid in and around the cells is distributed evenly. In addition, without it the activity of our nerves and muscles is impossible. It is also found in small quantities in gastric juice. To constantly have a sufficient amount of salt in the body, we must eat 10-12 g of salt daily. A person consumes 4.5 kg of salt per year. And over 70 years of life, 200-300kg. Chronic lack of salt in the body can lead to:

to dizziness and fainting;

cardiac disorders;

a sharp reduction in the secretion of digestive juices;

decreased appetite;

reducing the amount of water in the blood and body.

Daily addition of 3-4g of salt to food relieves these painful phenomena. An infant receives salt from its mother's milk. However, excessive salt consumption is harmful to health:

the activity of the heart and kidneys is impaired;

swelling of the legs occurs;

blood pressure rises.

People have sayings and proverbs about salt:

You have to eat a ton of salt together to recognize your friend.

Without salt, without bread - half a meal.

Without bread it is not satisfying, without salt it is not sweet.

Without bread there is death, without salt there is laughter.

Think don’t think, but you can’t imagine better bread and salt.

Over bread and salt, every joke is good.

And the old mare tastes salt.

Be angry, scold, fight, but come for bread and salt.

Don't skimp on the salt, it's more fun this way.

A pinch of salt makes the sugar sweeter.

Means, The first property of salt is that it tastes salty . Therefore, it is used for salting food. In addition, people saw that meat rubbed with salt does not rot and lasts just as long as meat dried in the sun or smoked in the smoke of a fire. Salt began to be used for canning. Canning and pickling of various food products: meat, fish, vegetables, mushrooms - is based on antiseptic oranti-putrefactive properties. those. on the ability to kill bacteria or microbes that cause decay of substances of plant or animal origin. .

Salt that gets into the wound stings, but it’s worth being patient, because salt stops bleeding, kills infections, dries and speeds up healing. It’s not for nothing that our blood is similar in composition to saline solution. During the First World War, the wounded were saved by pouring salted rainwater into their vessels instead of lost blood. Experienced surgeons applied bandages with salt solution to wounds, especially purulent ones. As a result, the wound quickly cleared and the temperature dropped. So, the second property is antiseptic.

Previously, in Rus' they used salt as a universal remedy to combat sorcerers and corruption by the unholy force that haunts people. Salt, white in color, was perceived as a piece of a miracle potion that could stop the “evil ones.” So, The third property of salt is to draw away negative energy.The fourth property of salt is solubility.

1.1.4. Tips for using salt.

To prevent window panes from fogging up, cups of salt have long been placed between the frames.

Frozen window panes can also be easily cleaned with a strong salt solution.

Glassware shines better when it is rinsed with salted water after washing.

In winter, roads are sprinkled with salt because the freezing point of salt solution is much lower than the freezing point of water.

Before lighting a candle, dip it in salt water - the candle will not float and will burn more evenly and longer.

The smell of oil paint that lingers in the apartment after renovation will disappear faster if you place plates of salt in several places.

The water in the heating pad will not cool down for a long time if you add at least half a teaspoon of salt to it.

Shortbreads and biscuits will not burn on an iron sheet if you sprinkle the bottom of the oven with fine salt.

If you salt the potatoes at the end of frying, they will have a crispy crust.

If escaped milk spills on a hot stove, you need to fill the flooded area with salt and cover it with wet paper - the smell will not spread throughout the room.

To prevent a runny nose, every day you need to suck salt water into your nose - alternately in one and the other nostril.

If your throat hurts, you can add one teaspoon of salt and a few drops of iodine to a glass of hot water, and then gargle with this solution or put drops in your nose.

If you pour 2-3 tablespoons of salt into a handkerchief, heat it, put it on your nose or chest as a compress, it helps a lot with coughs and runny nose.

Your teeth will become white if you brush them with baking soda mixed with salt half and half twice a week.

Salt, flour and water are all that is needed to make salt dough. Salt dough is an amazingly accessible and flexible material! You can make anything out of it! For example, funny three-dimensional and flat figures, colorful panels, etc.

CHAPTER II. EXPERIMENTAL PART
2.1. Description of tests performed

Description of the physical properties and appearance of table salt.
Sodium chloride has the appearance of colorless crystals,coarse grind. (Appendix No. 1)

Magnetic properties: not attracted

Density: 2.16

Melting temperature 800.8 C
Boiling point 1465 WITH .

The solubility coefficient of NaCl (in g per 100 g of water) is 35.9 at 21 °C and 38.1 at 80 °C.

(Appendix No. 1)

Experience No. 1. Solubility in water depending on temperature and presence.

Equipment: Sodium chloride – NaCl , hydrochloric acid - HCl , sodium hydroxide - NaOH , water (cold and hot), beakers, rack with test tubes, spoon
Progress:
1. Hot and cold water were poured into two beakers. Table salt (one teaspoon) was added to each glass. With intensive stirring, the rate of solubility of table salt in cold and hot water was observed.
2. Several crystals of table salt were added to test tubes with solutions of hydrogen chloride and sodium hydroxide. (Appendix No. 2)

Experience No. 2. Comparison of freezing rates of fresh and salt water.

Chemicals and equipment: sodium chloride - NaCl , fresh water, spoon, 1.5 plastic bottles (two pieces), cup for water.
Progress:
Fresh water was poured into a cup and a few teaspoons of salt were added to it. Poured into a bottle marked with a number I . In a bottle marked with a number II , poured fresh water. And observed for 12 hours. (Appendix No. 3)

Experience No. 3. Description of the chemical properties of table salt .
Chemicals and equipment: Sulfuric acid – H2SO4 , sodium chloride - NaCl , silver nitrate – AgNO 3, copper sulfate – CuSO 4 , Nitric acid - HNO3, hydrochloric acid – HCl , acetic acid - CH3COOH , sodium hydroxide - NaOH . A stand with test tubes, an alcohol lamp, a holder, a glass spatula, a handkerchief treated with salt, porcelain cups, beakers, a stand.
Progress.
1.The effect of acid solutions of varying strengths on table salt.
2 grams of table salt were added to four test tubes and sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid were added to each. (Appendix No. 4)

2. Effect of sodium hydroxide on sodium hydroxide solution.
2 ml of table salt was poured into a test tube and sodium hydroxide was added.

3. Interaction of table salt solution with salts.

2 ml of table salt was poured into two test tubes and silver nitrate and copper sulfate were added.

4. Burning table salt.
Table salt was added to a porcelain cup and set on fire. We prepared two handkerchiefs. One was soaked in a strong solution of table salt and dried. Set on fire (Appendix No. 5)

2.2. Results of the tests performed.

1.Results for describing appearance and physical properties.
2 ml of table salt was poured into a test tube and silver nitrate was added.

Studying the literature, we found out that table salt has a density of 2.16, melting point 800.8 C O , boiling point 1465 C O , Tosolubility coefficienttable salt(in g per 100 g of water) is 35.9 at 21 °C and 38.1 at 80 °C.
We independently found out that it is not attracted by a magnet,has the appearance of colorless crystals, has no odor, has no color.

Experience No. 1. Solubility in water depending on temperature and presencehydrogen chloride, sodium hydroxide:

sodium chloride is moderately soluble in water;

sodium chloride dissolves in cold and hot water almost equally;
the solubility of sodium chloride in the presence of hydrogen chloride and sodium hydroxide is not significant.

Experience No. 2. Fresh water froze within 4 hours at a temperature of -20 C 0. The salt water began to freeze after 7 hours.

2.2. Chemical properties results.

1. Interaction of table salt with solutions of acids of varying strengths.
2 NaCl + H 2 SO 4 = Na 2 SO 4 + 2 HCl
NaCl + HNO3 = NaNO3 + HCl a colorless gas with a pungent odor is released - hydrogen chloride
NaCl + HCl =
NaCl + CH3COOH =
2. Interaction of table salt with alkalis.
NaCl + NaOH =
3. Interaction of table salt with salts.
NaCl + AgNO 3 = AgCl ↓ + NaNO 3

white curd sediment
NaCl + CuSO 4 =

4. Reaction of salt to fire.
Salt doesn't burn. When moistened with alcohol, the alcohol burns, but the salt does not.
A handkerchief treated with table salt does not burn.

2.3.Conclusions

1. Conclusions on the description of the appearance of table salt and physical properties .
Table salt has a crystalline structure, is not attracted by a magnet, the melting and boiling points are high, and the density is 2.16.Moderately soluble in water, solubility depends little on temperature:Rthe solubility of sodium chloride is significantly reduced in the presence of hydrogen chloride, sodium hydroxide. Salt water does not freeze well at low temperatures. That’s why they sprinkle it on roads in winter and sprinkle it with salt solutions.

2. Conclusions on chemical properties:

Table salt reacts with strong acids to form hydrogen chloride, a gas with a pungent odor.

Does not interact with alkalis.
Table salt reacts with silver nitrate to form a white, cheesy precipitate. Silver ions Ag + l -

Salt does not burn, so it can be used as an impregnation for paper or material against fires.

CONCLUSION

Salt is a mineral substance. Without it, the life of plants, animals and humans is impossible, since it ensures the most important physiological processes in organisms: in the blood, salt creates the necessary conditions for the existence of red blood cells, in the muscles it determines the ability to excitability, in the stomach it forms hydrochloric acid, without which it would be impossible digestion and absorption of food. The meaning of salt is reflected in numerous proverbs, sayings, customs, and aphorisms, which emphasized the deep significance of salt in human life. This means salt is an important mineral and therefore it has special properties, so the topic our research began to study the properties of table salt.The working hypothesis put forward during the study was tested and proven by us, i.e.study the properties of salt, find out whether people really need salt. Let us formulate conclusions from the work:

Studying the literature, we found out that table salt has a density of 2.16, a melting point of 800.8 C o, a boiling point of 1465 C o, the solubility coefficient of table salt (in g per 100 g of water) is 35.9 at 21 °C and 38.1 at 80 °C.

We found out that: it is not attracted by a magnet, has the appearance of colorless crystals, has no odor, has no color.

Moderately soluble in water, but solubility in cold and hot water is almost the same.

Insoluble in the presence of hydrogen chloride and sodium hydroxide.

Salted water does not freeze, so utilities use it in winter, sprinkling paths or treating roads with brine.

It does not burn, so a saturated salt solution can be used as a fire-fighting impregnation for paper and fabric.

Sodium chloride reacts with silver nitrate to form a cheesy precipitate. Silver ions Ag+ are a reagent for chloride ion C l - . The reaction does not occur with copper sulfate.

Reacts with strong acids to form hydrogen chloride.

Does not interact with alkalis.

During the research, I made the most important conclusion for myself that we use substances without thinking about why they have certain properties, and the science of chemistry provides the answer to these questions. In addition, during the experiments, I discovered a new property for table salt - it is not flammable, i.e. I can suggest using it as a fireproof impregnation for paper and fabric.

APPLICATION

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application№1 .Chemicals and equipment. Appearance of table salt.

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Appendix No. 2. Solubility of table salt.

Appendix No. 3. Results of freezing of fresh and salt water.

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Appendix No. 4. Chemical properties of table salt.

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Appendix No. 5. Experience: Burning a handkerchief soaked in a salt solution.

INTRODUCTION

The 21st century is a time when all conditions for a comfortable life have already been created for people: they have apartments, beautiful and fast cars, smart robots, computers. Almost every home, factories, hospitals and schools have a large variety of equipment and devices that make people’s work, their everyday life and life in general easier. Humanity is already so accustomed to washing machines and dishwashers, cell phones, escalators, the Internet and spaceships that it is difficult for us to imagine how people lived without all this in the recent past.

But there are also simple things in life that we do not attach much importance to and take for granted. A toothbrush, matches, a spoon, water, sugar... Without such seemingly simple things, people will not be able to live “comfortably.” Salt can also be classified as one of these things. Salt has always been of great importance to humans and was highly valued. And even today people could not do without it.

Table salt is a natural mineral substance and a very important component of human food. There is evidence that the extraction of table salt was carried out as far back as the 3rd–4th thousand years BC in Libya. Salt is evaporated from water, extracted from the depths of the earth, from sea water. The world's geological reserves of salt are practically inexhaustible.

For many centuries, salt was a source of enrichment for traders and entrepreneurs. Salt has always been treated with respect and sparingly. Hence the popular saying: “Sprinkling salt means a quarrel.” In ancient times, salt was called the ruler of life and death. She was sacrificed to the gods. And sometimes they worshiped her as a deity. They spared neither labor nor effort to extract salt. And, having obtained it, they protected it as a great blessing. Salt served as a measure of wealth, power, and tranquility. Salt is the key to fidelity.

Nowadays, salt is no longer valued so highly. You can buy it at any grocery store and very inexpensively. But, nevertheless, it does not cease to play a very important role in a person’s life. People use it not only for food, but also in everyday life, medicine, and industry.

It seems like you need a lot of it - a pinch, a handful. And you can’t eat bread without salt. Deprive a person of salt - he will get sick and die.

In different countries, people eat different foods. And only one product is the same everywhere - table salt. In mineralogy it is called halite, in technology and in everyday life - table or table salt, and in chemistry - sodium chloride. It is necessary for preparing various dishes. Even sweet cakes! People cannot live without salt. That is why some African peoples once paid 1 kg of gold dust for 1 kg of salt.

I was very interested in a very simple-looking table salt, and it turned out that you can learn a lot of interesting and educational things about it.
Object of study became table salt, subject of research- study of some of its properties.

Goal of the work: find out the role of salt in human life and the environment.

Job objectives:
1. learn about the composition and properties of salt;
2. consider the meaning of salt for people in the past and present;
3. learn about the harm that salt causes to humans and the environment;
4. try growing salt crystals at home.

CHAPTER I. SALT – WHAT IS IT?

1.1. Salt for humans in ancient historical periods

If you look at history, you can see how valuable this substance was for humans.

They stocked up on salt in case of disasters and used it to pay instead of money. The Latin word “salarium” and the English word “salary”, meaning “salary”, “salary”, are of “salt” origin. In terms of its value, it was equal to gold. In the Roman Empire, legionnaires were paid in salt. This is where the word “soldier” comes from.

Once upon a time in Holland there was a painful execution. The doomed received only bread and water, and were completely deprived of salt. After some time, these people died, and their corpses began to instantly decompose.

In Russia, back in the 16th century, famous Russian entrepreneurs the Stroganovs received their largest income from salt mining. The Stroganovs were the largest salt makers. They lived in the Perm region. The Kama region was very rich in salty groundwater. It was salt that made the Perm region famous throughout Russia at that time. From here and from the foothills of the Urals, salt was sent to Moscow, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Kaluga, and even abroad.

At the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries in Africa, where some areas are poor in salt, the English doctor and traveler Mungo Park saw little blacks who were licking pieces of rock salt with pleasure. And he himself said about this: “the constant consumption of plant foods arouses such a painful longing for salt that it cannot be described properly.”

Salt was a very expensive commodity. Lomonosov wrote that at that time you could buy a slave for four small pieces of salt in Abyssinia. In Kievan Rus they used salt from the Carpathian region, from salt lakes and estuaries on the Black and Azov Seas. Here it was bought and taken to the North. Salt was served on the table as a sign of wealth and well-being. It was so expensive that at ceremonial feasts it was served on the tables of only noble guests, while others went away “slurping.” After the annexation of the Astrakhan region to the Moscow state, the Caspian lakes became important sources of salt. It was simply scooped up from the bottom of lakes and transported on ships up the Volga. And still she was missing, and she was expensive. For this reason, discontent arose among the lower strata of the population, which developed into an uprising known as the Salt Riot (1648). In 1711, Peter I issued a decree introducing a salt monopoly. Trade in salt became the exclusive right of the state. The salt monopoly lasted for another hundred and fifty years and was abolished in 1862.

A person cannot do without salt, but there are other examples. The Chukchi, Koryaks, Tungus, and Kyrgyz, living in the saline steppes, do not consume salt at all, eating only meat and milk.

1.2. From the history of the development of salt deposits in Russia

The development of deposits in Russia has its own history and legends. A long time ago, in the dry Volga steppe, near Mount Big God Do, a Kazakh legend tells, there lived a Bai. The bai's greatest wealth was his beautiful daughter. And she fell in love with the shepherd. Having learned about this, the Bai ordered his execution. The girl burst into tears. Days and weeks passed, tears flowed and flowed from her eyes. This is how the salt lake Baskunchak appeared in the steppe or is popularly called the “Lake of Tears”.

Back in the time of Tsar Peter I, an expedition visited the lake to determine what kind of salt there was and whether it was possible to harvest it. It was established that fishing is possible, the salt in Baskunchak is especially good - “clean... like ice.” But only in 1774 he decided to start mining lake salt.

Lake Elton has a large supply of table salt, but Lake Baskunchak is even richer in this salt, which is currently the main raw material base in the Lower Volga region.

For more than five hundred years, the city of Solikamsk has existed in the Urals, located along the banks of a tributary of the Kama, the Usolka River. It has long been famous for its salt. Many millions of years ago there was a huge sea here. Finally the time came when the Permian Sea disappeared. What remained from it were layers of salt several hundred meters thick, covered, as if by a thick blanket, with layers of clay, limestone, and sand. Groundwater erodes salt deposits hidden in the ground and flows underground in salty streams and rivers. From time immemorial, local residents, hunters, and fishermen have found salt springs and springs and used the brine. In 1430, Novgorod merchants Kalashnikovs built the first saltworks in Solikamsk. Brine was pumped out of the ground through wooden pipes and evaporated in large iron pans. Salt mining in those days was a profitable business. Salt was expensive. For a pood of salt they gave several poods of bread.

1.3. The structure of salt crystals

Table salt is the only mineral that is directly consumed in food. Pure table salt consists of sodium chloride NaCl. In nature, salt occurs in the form of the mineral halite - rock salt. Table salt is used for food after industrial purification of halite. Halite forms in the form of crystals ranging from colorless to white, light and dark blue, yellow and pink. Coloring is due to impurities.

In solid salt, the sodium and chlorine atoms are arranged in a certain order, forming a crystal lattice. All crystals are salt-like in nature. Salt-like character refers to a certain set of properties that distinguishes these crystals from other crystalline substances. Due to the fact that the attractive forces are distributed equally in all directions, the particles at the lattice sites are connected relatively tightly. Therefore, substances such as salt are solid (crystalline) at room temperature. When crystals are heated over time, the lattice is destroyed and the solid substance transitions to the liquid state (at the melting point). The melting point of salt is relatively high, and the boiling point is very important.

NaCl T. pl., 0 C 801 T. kip., 0 Since 1465

A typical property of salt is that its aqueous solution is capable of conducting electric current.

1.4. Types of salt and its main deposits

Among all the salts, the most important is the one
which we simply call salt.
A. E. Fersman

Sodium chloride is found in nature in a ready-made form. It is found everywhere in small quantities. But it is especially abundant in sea water and in salt lakes and springs; in large masses it is found in the form of solid rock salt.

It is estimated that the sea water of all seas and oceans contains approximately 50 10 15 tons of various salts. This salt could cover the entire globe with a layer 45 m thick. Table salt accounts for most of the 38 10 15 tons. One liter of ocean water contains about 26–30g. table salt. In closed seas, where large rivers flow, the salinity is lower (Black, Caspian), while in the seas (Red, Mediterranean, Persian) the salinity is higher than the average oceanic one, since there is little precipitation and there is no influx of fresh water, as well as significant evaporation. In the polar regions, the salinity of the water is greater, because the resulting ice contains few salts.

So, the salinity of sea water depends on evaporation, melting and formation of ice, precipitation and the influx of fresh water from land.

Large quantities of salt are found in salt lakes. On the territory of our country, lakes Elton and Baskunchak are especially rich in salt reserves. The reserves of salt here are almost inexhaustible. Lake Elton covers an area of ​​205.44 km 2, and its bottom is covered with a layer of table salt more than 5 m thick. Lake Baskunchak is located 53.5 km from the Volga. It occupies a surface of 190 km 2, and there are three layers of salt on it: the upper, currently being developed, at 6.5 and 9 m, the middle at 2 m and the lower - over 13 m, and the salt reserve in only one upper layer is estimated at approximately at 720 million m3. The depth of the lake is no more than half a meter in winter and spring, but in summer this layer of water evaporates. This lake is located on top of a salt mountain that goes down to a depth of more than a kilometer. This salt is 99% NaCl.

Solid or rock salt forms huge mountains underground, not inferior in size to the high peaks of the Pamirs and the Caucasus. The base of this mountain lies at a depth of 5–8 km, and the peaks rise to the earth's surface and even protrude from it. Giant mountains are also called salt domes. At high pressures and temperatures, salt in the bowels of the earth becomes plastic. In this case, the salt will lift or pierce the rocks lying above it. Huge underground mountains of rock salt are located in the Caspian lowland, in the spurs of the Urals, in the mountains of Central Asia. Tajikistan has the highest salt domes, one of which rises to a height of 900 meters. Germany and Poland are rich in rock salt deposits.

According to the method of extraction, salt is divided into several types:
stone. It is mined by mining using underground mining.
self-sedited salt or lake salt, mined from layers at the bottom of salt lakes;
cage salt is obtained by evaporation or freezing from estuary water;
evaporated salt is obtained by evaporation from groundwater.

Which of these salts predominates on our table every day? It is either stone or self-planting.

CHAPTER II. SALT: BENEFITS OR HARM?

2.1. Is salt “white death”?

In the 1960s, with the help of Herbert Shelton and Paul Bragg, table salt was dubbed “white death,” and this statement still exists. It all started with the announcement of salt as the culprit of hypertension, kidney failure, coronary heart disease and obesity. This is partly true.

So, salt is an important element that ensures the vital activity of humans and the animal world, as well as a product with enormous industrial use. Salt is the basis for the production of chemical products (chlorine and caustic soda), on the basis of which many plastics, aluminum, paper, soap, and glass are made. According to experts, salt in modern conditions directly or indirectly has over 14 thousand applications.

Sodium, which is part of salt, is one of the necessary for the vital functions of the human body. In our body, about 50% of all sodium is found in extracellular fluid, 40% in bones and cartilage, and about 10% in cells. Sodium is found in bile, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, pancreatic juice, and human milk. It is also necessary for the normal functioning of nerve endings, the transmission of nerve impulses and muscle activity, including the heart muscles, as well as for the absorption of certain nutrients by the small intestine and kidneys. We must keep in mind that we consume sodium not only with table salt, but also with other sodium compounds in the form of preservatives (sodium nitrate), flavorings (monosodium glutamate) or leavening agents (sodium bicarbonate).

Chlorine, in turn, is involved in the formation of special substances that promote the breakdown of fats. It is necessary in the formation of hydrochloric acid - the main component of gastric juice, takes care of the removal of urea from the body, stimulates the functioning of the reproductive and central nervous systems, promotes the formation and growth of bone tissue. Human muscle tissue contains 0.20–0.52% chlorine, bone tissue – 0.09%; The bulk of this microelement is found in the blood and extracellular fluid.

Salt is involved in water-salt metabolism and plays an important role in the absorption of certain nutrients in the body. For a normal person under ordinary, non-extreme conditions, approximately the following salt consumption is suggested: 10 g in the form of natural products and 3–5 g for adding salt to food during cooking and adding salt during meals. It is important to take into account that an excess of salt in the body is harmful and can lead to various diseases. Therefore, everything should be in moderation, you should not go to extremes.

2.2. Using salt in everyday life

It’s scary to think what would have happened if people had not discovered the beneficial property of salt - saving food from rotting? But who was the first to discover the beneficial property of salt to preserve food? And even give them a special attractive taste? You can travel around the whole world and you won’t recognize it. Only in Holland will the name of the discoverer be named.

From time immemorial, people have been catching and salting herring here. They fed on it and sold it to other countries. According to legend, a thousand years ago the fisherman Bekkel from the small seaside village of Bulikta discovered the method of salting herring. Here, as a “benefactor of the state,” a monument was erected to him.

What properties of salt are used in food preservation? People use salt very widely in everyday life, when canning and salting food products: fish, meat, vegetables, mushrooms, etc. The fact is that salt has a unique property - it kills bacteria and microbes that cause rotting and spoilage of food. The production of canned meat and fish is based on the same property. Such products do not spoil for a very long time, are stored for a long time and can be used for food even several weeks after their preparation.

2.3. Use of salt in medicine

However, the use of salt is not limited to cooking. Salt is also useful from a medical point of view. The mineral substance iodine is added to table salt to form iodized salt. It is used to prevent iodine deficiency in the body, which can lead to thyroid disease. Recently, it has become common to add another mineral substance to salt - fluorine (salt fluoridation). Its use is a good prevention of caries.

Dietary salt is a substitute for table salt, which instead of sodium contains another element, most often potassium. However, potassium chloride tastes different from sodium chloride, and its taste is most often considered unpleasant. Therefore, varieties of dietary salt are offered on the consumer market that contain both sodium chloride and other compounds. It should also be borne in mind that potassium chloride cannot always serve as an alternative to regular table salt. Thus, in case of acute renal failure, dietary salt can be consumed only after consultation with a doctor.

Many people like to take baths with salt. For baths, sea salt is usually used. Such procedures cleanse the skin well and tone it. Sea salt has a good effect on the human nervous system. For a long time, people came to the Turkmen lake Molla-Kara to be treated for diseases of the nerves and joints. The water of the lake is one and a half times saltier than the water of the Dead Sea. It still serves as a reliable medicine - people come here from all over the country! And the salt water of an underground lake is supplied to the baths of the Moscow hydropathic clinic. Snow-white crystals are also necessary for obtaining a number of medicines: calomel, sublimate. Without it, you cannot prepare Pyramidon tablets - a cure for headaches. Sometimes salt helps recovery, although it does not heal itself. In hot countries or hot workshops, where workers lose a lot of salt through sweat, it is advised to drink not water, but a weak solution of table salt. The salt mines are also equipped with rooms for the treatment of asthma patients.

Sodium chloride is used to obtain saline solution. Saline solution is a 0.85% NaCl solution in water. This is how much sodium chloride is found in human blood. For diseases that result in the body losing a large amount of water, a saline solution is infused into the person.

2.4. Applications of sodium chloride in industry

Salt is also a commodity that is widely used in industry. It is the basis for the production of chemical products, on the basis of which many plastics, aluminum, paper, soap, glass, and in the processing of furs and rawhide are made. Salt is used in the processing of furs and leathers, in the manufacture of salt batteries and all kinds of filters.

But the main consumer of salt is the chemical industry. It uses not only the salt itself, but also both elements that make it up. Table salt is decomposed by electrolysis of its aqueous solution. In this case, chlorine, hydrogen and caustic soda are simultaneously produced. From a solution of caustic soda, after evaporation, a solid alkali is obtained - caustic.

CHAPTER III. CONSUMPTION OF SALTA

3.1. Soil reserves of salt in the Altai Territory

The reserves of table salt in the Altai Territory almost completely cover the necessary needs of the population. These are mainly salt lakes of the Kulunda steppe, Slavgorod, Burlinsky, Mikhailovsky and a number of other regions of the region.

Lake Burlinskoye- a drainless salt lake in the Slavgorod region of the Altai Territory, located in the western part of the Kulundinskaya Plain, 18 km northwest of the city of Slavgorod. The area of ​​the lake is 31.3 km 2, the average depth is less than 1 meter, the maximum depth reaches 2.5 m. Under a layer of silt up to 0.5 m thick lies a thick layer of Glauber's salt.

In winter (November to March) the lake level usually rises. This is due not only to the influx of groundwater in the absence of evaporation, but also to the lack of ice cover, since solid atmospheric precipitation, falling into the salt lake, turns into water. The water in the lake is salty and is the largest deposit of table salt in Western Siberia. The reserves of table salt in Lake Burlinskoye are about 30 million tons.

Kuchuk Lake (Kuchuk)- a bitter-salty lake in the Blagoveshchensky district of the Altai Territory on the Kulundinskaya Plain, the second largest lake in the Altai Territory after the Kulundinsky lake, located 6 km to the north. Area 181 km2, length 19 km, width 12 km, greatest depth 3.3 m. Snow fed; does not freeze in winter.

Lake Kuchuk has a silted bottom, covered in the middle with a layer of mirabilite. The average thickness of the crystalline sodium sulfate layer at the bottom is 2.5 m, with reserves of tens of millions of tons of table salt and magnesium chloride. In 1960, a large chemical enterprise, Kuchuksulfate, was created near the lake. The reserves of table salt in Lake Kuchuk amount to 56.8 million tons.

Raspberry- a lake in the Mikhailovsky district of the Altai Territory, 10 km south of the village of Mikhailovskoye. This is an endorheic, bitterly salty lake. It belongs to the group of Mikhailovsky lakes (Tanatar). The lake is unique in its water color of a crimson hue; a distinct pink-crimson tint to the water gives a special appearance to the small planktonic crustaceans living in the lake. The area of ​​the lake is 11.4 km2. On the shore is the village of Malinovoye Ozero, where a chemical plant operates using local raw materials.

Lake Gorkoye located in the system of lakes of the Barnaul ribbon forest in the Novichikhinsky district of the Altai Territory. The length is about 25 km, the maximum width is about 3.8 km. The lake is bitterly salty.
Industrial salt mining was carried out on Lake Burlinskoye, but this too has been suspended since December 2009.

3.2. Results of a study of salt consumption by the population of Barnaul

According to a study, the consumption of table salt by the population in the city of Barnaul in the winter season is up to 3 times less than in summer and early autumn. To come to a conclusion about how much salt is sold on average per day in the city, I interviewed salespeople at ten large stores in the city. I found out that on average every 300 store customers buy 1 kilogram of salt per day, i.e. Of the city's 598,000 residents, 2,000 people buy a pack of salt, which is about 2,000 kg or 2 tons per day.

3.3. Results of a study on my family's salt intake

There are 5 people in my family. I decided to find out how much salt our family eats per day.
We use one pack of salt (1 pack of salt = 1kg = 1000g) for 65 days in winter. This means that per day for each family member:
1000 g: 5 (family members): 65 days = 3.1 g (salt from a pack)

Conclusion: each member of our family receives approximately
3.1 grams of salt as a food additive, which corresponds to the norm (norm: no more than 3-5g). However, we still need to think about the amount of salt we consume. Moreover, if you have hypertension and kidney disease (my family members have these diseases!) the amount of salt should be reduced!

3.4. Results of a study on table salt consumption in my classroom

I wondered how many of my peers love salty foods. I asked a few simple questions to students in grades 5-7 from schools in the city of Barnaul (see questionnaire).
588 people took part in my survey. I reflected the survey results in the table:

I wondered if eating salt was related to the illnesses of my classmates? As can be seen from the table, many of those who love “salty” often get sick, and some suffer from various chronic diseases.
Salt promotes water retention in the body, which in turn leads to increased blood pressure. Therefore, doctors recommend reducing the daily intake of table salt, especially with hypertension, obesity, problems with the kidneys and nervous system.

If the salt balance is disturbed, muscle weakness, cardiac colic, loss of appetite, unquenchable thirst, and rapid fatigue appear, which naturally interferes with full study and exercise.
I also became interested in what foods containing table salt my peers prefer. The survey data is presented in the table:

Conclusion: Most of my peers love salty foods and don’t think that this can lead to various diseases of the body.

CHAPTER IV. DETECTION OF SALT IN VARIOUS PRODUCTS

4.1. Detection of sodium and chlorine particles in table salt solution, in fruit and vegetable juices

4.1.1. Detection of sodium and chlorine particles in a solution of table salt.

Dissolve 5 g of salt in 50 g of water. I add a solution of silver nitrate drop by drop to a portion of the resulting solution. The formation of a white cheesy sediment indicates the presence of chlorine particles in the salt.
A drop of the test solution was introduced into the flame of an alcohol lamp. The flame turned yellow, indicating the presence of sodium particles in the salt.

Conclusion: Table salt contains particles of sodium and chlorine.

4.1.2. Detection of chlorine and sodium particles in fruit and vegetable juices

For the experiment, I took green apples, oranges, carrots, potatoes, cucumbers, tomatoes, cabbage. I thoroughly chopped fruits and vegetables, squeezed out the juice and filtered it.
I took an equal amount (1 ml) of the resulting juice and added a silver nitrate solution drop by drop to each portion. In all samples, a white cheesy sediment formed, but in different quantities.
Apples contain a high content of chlorine particles, oranges have much less.
I found low levels of chlorine particles in carrots, potatoes, cucumbers, and tomatoes, while there are significantly more of them in cabbage.
A drop of the solutions under study was introduced one by one into the flame of an alcohol lamp. The flame turned yellow, indicating the presence of sodium particles in the salt.

Conclusion: fruits and vegetables contain some salt.

Thus, any living organism requires the use of salt. I made sure that vegetables and fruits contain enough salt for the functioning of the body. Therefore, there is no particular need to get carried away with consuming salt from a pack.

CHAPTER V. EFFECT OF SALT ON SKIN AND METAL

The question of what salt is and how people use it in their lives arose for me when one winter I noticed that when I returned home from the street, my shoes dried out and white stains remained on them. I asked my mother and she explained to me that these marks are left by salt, which, together with sand, is used to sprinkle roads in winter against ice.

It turns out that despite all its benefits, salt can be harmful and even dangerous for humans and the environment. Snowdrifts are cleared using special equipment, and ice is dealt with using a sand-salt mixture, which is sprinkled on the roads. Why salt? Because the freezing point of salt water is much lower than zero degrees. Therefore, wet snow does not freeze, but turns into “porridge”, which is easily removed from the road surface. It would seem that it would be useful again. But the fact is that for such mixtures technical salt is usually used. This is salt of the lowest quality, with a large number of toxic impurities. A huge amount of such mixtures spills onto city roads during the winter. The damage they cause is most pronounced in the spring, when the snow begins to melt. Toxic substances are absorbed into the soil and gradually poison it. It is for this reason that the trees growing along the roads have a gray, withered appearance, and grass and flowers practically do not grow. This is due not only to harmful emissions from vehicles and industrial enterprises, but also to the unwise use of salt mixtures.

Together with meltwater, salt and its chemical impurities end up in urban water bodies. This leads to the fact that over time it becomes impossible for either fish or plants to live in such poisoned water.

The sand-salt mixture corrodes car tires and damages metal parts of cars. The metal rusts, the car has to be repaired often. Our shoes also deteriorate in the same way.

I decided to experience the negative effects of salt on skin and metal.

5.1.The effect of salt on the skin

I decided to observe the effect of salt on the skin. For the experiment I needed a piece of leather, water and salt. I prepared a strong salt solution (dissolved 100g of salt in 300g of water); placed a piece of skin in a saline solution. The results of observations were recorded in a journal for 7 days.

A strip of leather 10 cm long was placed halfway in a container with saline solution. It gradually became saturated with salt water. Already on the second day, salt crystals formed in the upper part of the strip, which was above the solution. And on the seventh day, almost the entire upper part of the strip was overgrown with crystals and a dense salt crust formed. The skin itself became tough. I took the strip of leather out of the container and dried it. The skin hardened even more. The salt crust was brittle, and the skin underneath became whitish. The white coating could not be cleaned off - the salt was deeply ingrained into the skin. It lost its elasticity and became very fragile.

Conclusion: salt really has a destructive effect on shoes and taking care of them is very important and necessary! If we want to extend the life of boots and shoes, we need to wash them every day, dry them thoroughly and clean them with cream. This will prevent salt and other chemicals from penetrating the leather and will keep your shoes strong and looking good.

5.1.Effect of salt on metal

For the experiment, I needed an ordinary nail. I immersed it in the same salt solution as the strip of leather. On the second day, the nail began to rust, and salt crystals appeared at the solution-air interface, which grew larger every day. The color of the water has changed. The water turned yellow. On the seventh day the water turned brown.

Conclusion: salt has a negative effect on metal objects and accelerates the process of rusting of metal objects, which leads to their destruction.

CHAPTER VI. GROWING SALT CRYSTALS

Crystals are substances in which the smallest particles are “packed” in a certain order. As a result, as crystals grow, flat edges spontaneously appear on their surface, and the crystals themselves take on a variety of geometric shapes. Who hasn’t admired snowflakes, the variety of which is truly endless! Back in the 17th century. The famous astronomer Johannes Kepler wrote a treatise “On Hexagonal Snowflakes,” and after the 3rd century, albums were published containing collections of enlarged photographs of thousands of snowflakes, and none of them duplicates the other.

The origin of the word “crystal” is interesting (it sounds almost the same in all European languages). Many centuries ago, among the eternal snows in the Alps, on the territory of modern Switzerland, very beautiful, completely colorless crystals were found, very reminiscent of pure ice. Ancient naturalists called them that - “krystallos”, in Greek - ice; this word comes from the Greek “krios” - cold, frost. It was believed that ice, being in the mountains for a long time in severe frost, petrifies and loses the ability to melt. One of the most authoritative ancient philosophers, Aristotle, wrote that “crystallos” is born from water when it completely loses heat.” The Roman poet Claudian described the same thing in verse in 390:

In the bitter alpine winter, the ice turns to stone.
The sun is then unable to melt such a stone.

A similar conclusion was made in ancient times in China and Japan - ice and rock crystal were designated there by the same word. And even in the 19th century. poets often combined these images together:

Barely transparent ice, dimming over the lake,
crystal covered the motionless jets.
A.S. Pushkin “To Ovid”

There are several ways to grow crystals. One of them is cooling a saturated hot solution. If cooling is carried out quickly, the excess substance will simply precipitate. If this sediment is dried and examined through a magnifying glass, you can see many small crystals.

Another method of obtaining crystals is to gradually remove water from a saturated solution. The “excess” substance crystallizes. And in this case, the slower the water evaporates, the better the crystals are obtained.
The third method is to grow crystals from molten substances by slowly cooling the liquid.

When using all methods, the best results are obtained if a seed is used - a small crystal of the correct shape, which is placed in a solution or melt. In this way, for example, ruby ​​crystals are obtained. Growing gemstone crystals is done very slowly, sometimes over years. If you accelerate crystallization, then instead of one crystal you will get a mass of small ones.

I grew table salt crystals by cooling a hot saturated solution with a seed in an open and closed vessel at the same temperature and growth conditions.

Observation diary

Conclusion: By deposition on a foreign body (seed) placed in a supersaturated solution, the salt crystallizes.

Table salt crystal after 7 hours in an open container

Formation of a transparent dome

This is how a crystal of table salt grew

CONCLUSION

I was very interested in a very simple-looking table salt, but it turned out that you can learn a lot of interesting and educational things about it.

The world's reserves of salt are practically inexhaustible. A person uses for himself those sources that allow him to obtain more accessible, cheaper, pure salt.

While working on this topic, I realized that these colorless solid crystals, highly soluble in water, which are also eaten in small quantities, play a huge role in the life of living organisms (both animals and humans).

Obviously, the importance and necessity of salt in our lives cannot be underestimated. But, at the same time, we must not forget about the harm that it can cause if used incorrectly. I think that almost any useful and necessary product can become dangerous for humans and nature if used unreasonably.

I've done the work:
7B grade student
CHEVERDA Ilya

Supervisor:
Chemistry teacher
Cheverda Irina Viktorovna

MBOU "Gymnasium No. 40"
Oktyabrsky district
Barnaul city

Health

Where do you apply salt? According to the Salt Institute, salt can be used in 14,000 ways! There is no other mineral that has so many uses. The use of salt for preserving food has been known since ancient times, because canning made people less dependent on seasonal products, and also made it possible to transport food over long distances. However, salt was quite difficult to obtain. Thanks to modern production methods, salt has become the most accessible non-metallic mineral in the world, but salt reserves are being depleted.

Back in the Middle Ages, table salt was used as a cleaning agent, the secrets of which were passed down from generation to generation. Of course, nowadays you can find stronger means of fighting stains and dirt in the store, but unlike many other means, salt is not toxic, it is quite inexpensive, and it can always be found in sufficient quantities in any home.

There is a large class of chemicals called "salts", but now we mean table salt (sodium chloride). It is this substance that is found in sea water, as well as in the intercellular fluids of many multicellular organisms. This is why salt is so important to us. There are several types of salt that are produced for our consumption: unrefined (sea), refined (table) and iodized. Kosher salt is sodium chloride that is processed to produce flat crystals. There is also the so-called Epsom bitter salt or Epsom salt - magnesium sulfate.

We invite you to find out where you can use salt.

In the kitchen

In addition to the fact that salt is used in food and added to various dishes, including sweet ones, there are many other ways to use salt in the kitchen.

Boiling water. Many housewives are sure that if you add a pinch of salt to the water, it will boil faster. Actually this is not true. Salt, on the contrary, causes water to boil at a higher temperature, so the cooking time in such water is reduced.

Cooking eggs. Because salt raises the boiling point of water, it helps the egg whites cook faster. In this case we are talking about poached eggs, a French dish of broken eggs that are carefully lowered into boiling water.

Checking the freshness of eggs. Add 2 teaspoons of salt to a glass of water, and then lower the egg into the water. A fresh egg will sink, but a stale egg will float on the surface. As the air space in the egg increases over time, older eggs will float. Sometimes this does not mean that the egg is rotten, it is just that it is older, but it can still be eaten. In order to check whether an egg is rotten or not, you will have to break it. It is also believed that if eggs are difficult to peel after boiling, it means they are fresh.

Meringue. To make the egg whites easier and better, add a pinch of salt.

Prevents browning of fruits. Many people use lemon juice or vinegar to prevent peeled apples from browning, but you can do this by dipping the fruit in lightly salted water.

Cleaning nuts. To make walnuts easier to peel, soak them in salt water for several hours.

Prevents glaze crystallization. To prevent the icing on the cakes from crystallizing, add a little salt to it.

Getting rid of odor on hands. If you cut onions or garlic, their smell is absorbed into the skin of your hands for a long time. You can easily get rid of the smell by rubbing salt mixed with vinegar into your hands.

Extending the shelf life of cheese. Some cheeses may become moldy when stored in the refrigerator for several days. To preserve the cheese better, wrap it in a cloth soaked in salt water.

Removing dirt from the stove. If liquid spills on the stove while cooking, sprinkle it with salt and continue cooking. The salt will not smoke or give off an odor, and the dirt will be easier to remove later.

Cleaning

Salt is a very effective cleaning agent. It acts as a catalyst for other substances, such as vinegar, and enhances its effect in eliminating dirt and odors. To make a soft scrub, add salt and baking soda to a liquid cleaner. This paste can be used to clean electrical appliances, enamel dishes, porcelain, and so on.

Cleaning drain systems. To get rid of odors and clean grease from drain systems, regularly pour hot water and salt into the sink.

Cleaning wooden tables. To get rid of white marks from hot plates or glasses, wipe stains on a wooden table with a mixture of salt and vegetable oil.

Cleaning cast iron pans. Pots can be easily cleaned of grease if you first wipe them with a paper towel and salt.

Cleaning dirty cups. Mix salt with a small amount of liquid dish detergent and wash cups that have coffee and tea stains on them. The stains will come off easily.

Cleaning the refrigerator. A mixture of salt and carbonated mineral water will help get rid of the smell in the refrigerator. It's eco-friendly and doesn't contain any chemicals, so you don't have to worry about your products.

Cleaning copper cookware. Mix equal amounts of salt, flour and vinegar until a paste forms, then rub into a metal bowl. Leave the mixture on the dish for an hour, then rinse with water and dry.

Getting rid of rust. Mix salt with cream of tartar and water until a paste forms, treat the rust with the mixture and leave until completely dry, then wipe with a brush and polish with a dry soft cloth. If you can't find cream of tartar, you can also use salt and lemon juice.

Cleaning glass coffee pots and jugs. If the mouth of the pitcher is too narrow and it is difficult to reach the bottom, you can clean it with salt and small pieces of ice. Add them to the jug and shake vigorously. The salt will help clean the bottom, and the ice will stir it well.

Laundry

Removing wine stains. If you spill wine on a tablecloth or clothing, immediately sprinkle the stain with salt. This will help the wine quickly soak into the salt and not into the fabric. Then soak the laundry in cold water for 30 minutes and wash it.

Foam when washing. Usually you use a certain amount of powder when washing, but if you go a little overboard you can end up with a lot of foam. A pinch of salt will help reduce the amount of foam.

Drying clothes in winter. If you dry your laundry outside in winter, it may freeze, making it more difficult to dry. To prevent laundry from freezing, add a little salt at the end of the wash during rinsing.

Removing sweat stains. Mix 4 tablespoons of salt in 1 liter of hot water and wash the item in this solution.

Removing blood stains. Soak the item in cold salt water, and then wash it in warm water with soap, then boil the laundry. Only cotton, linen or other natural fabrics that can withstand high temperatures can be boiled.

Fights mold and rust stains. Treat stains with a mixture of lemon juice and salt, hang the item to dry in the sun to whiten, then rinse and dry.

Cleaning the iron. Place salt on a paper towel and wipe the sticky surface of the hot iron.

Fabric color. Salt is commonly used in the textile industry, but it can also be used at home on colored items. If the fabric's dye fades or washes off, soak the item in a solution of 2 quarts of water, half a cup of vinegar and half a cup of salt. Then rinse in clean water. If the water becomes colored, repeat the procedure. Use this method only with solid colored items.

Household

Repelling ants. Sprinkle salt on the threshold, on the windowsill and in places where ants appear.

Extinguishing fire on the stove. Keep a box of salt near the stove or oven and if the grease starts to burn, you can easily put out the flames with salt. Do not extinguish the flame with water.

Preserving picked flowers. If you add salt to the water, the flowers that stand in it will stay fresh longer. Aspirin and a pinch of sugar have the same effect.

Bouquets of artificial flowers. You can make beautiful bouquets from artificial and dried flowers; salt will help with this. To conveniently arrange flowers in a vase, you can pour salt into it and add a little water. As the salt begins to dry, it will harden and the flowers will remain in place.

Drops from a candle. If you soak the candle in highly salted water for several hours, then dry it well and light it, the wax will not drip too much.

Wall repair. To seal nail holes or cracks in drywall or plaster walls, you can make a paste of 2 tablespoons salt, 2 tablespoons cornstarch, and about 5 tablespoons water.

Grass on the terraces. If you want to get rid of grass that appears between the bricks or blocks of the deck floor, carefully fill the cracks with salt and then spray with water or wait until it rains.

Ice on the sidewalks. To prevent the paths around your house from being slippery in winter, you can sprinkle them with salt. However, this method should be used very carefully so as not to harm plants and animals. The salt causes the ice to melt but ends up in the soil and on your shoes. Many cities have already stopped using salt during icy conditions and are replacing it with regular sand.

Kebabs. When grilling meat and vegetables, you can sprinkle salt on them to prevent the coals from producing too much heat. Usually liquids are used - wine, beer, water, but the liquid cools the coals and the fire loses its heat. Salt reduces flames and smoke without cooling the coals. Carefully pour salt directly onto the coals so as not to over-salt the dish itself.

Personal hygiene

Extending the life of your toothbrush. Before using your new toothbrush, soak it in salt water to help it last longer.

Teeth cleaning. Mix 1 part iodized salt and 2 parts baking soda, and then brush your teeth with this mixture. The same mixture, but dissolved in water, can be used to rinse the mouth.

Getting rid of sores in the mouth. Mouth boils can be treated with a weak salt solution. Rinse your mouth with the solution several times a day.

Treatment of bee stings. Immediately after being bitten, apply a moistened pinch of salt to the wound to relieve pain and swelling.

Treatment of mosquito bites. A salt water compress can help with mosquito bites. You can also lubricate the bite areas with olive oil and salt.

Body Scrub. After taking a bath, when you have not yet dried yourself, massage yourself using a little dry salt. This will refresh the skin and increase blood circulation.

Treatment of a sore throat. Dissolve salt in warm water and gargle with this solution.

Which Salt is better?