Unusual street food around the world (33 photos). Food in the city
The inspirer of this expansion is the Portuguese Infante Henry, nicknamed the Navigator (1394-1460). It was Heinrich who organized many sea expeditions and founded an observatory and a navigation school, where the best mathematicians and cartographers of those times prepared future conquerors of the world. The expeditions of Henry the Navigator discovered a number of islands off the western coast of Africa (Madeira Island), the Azores, the Cape Verde Islands, rounded Cape Bojador, Cape Cabo Blanco, explored the mouths of the Senegal and Gambia rivers. The maps that the Portuguese navigators made were the subject of special storage and were considered state secrets.
But the very era of the Great geographical discoveries began under Manuel I the Happy (1469-1521). This period proved to be the most successful for Portugal's colonial ambitions. Vasco da Gama not only opened the way to India around the coast of Africa (1498), but also annexed the Moluccas to Portugal and created the opportunity for the emergence of many Portuguese trading posts.
Many states on the coast of East Africa became subjects or allies of Portugal. Brazil, Madagascar, Mauritius, Ceylon, the Malay Archipelago, Macau, Japan - many lands previously inaccessible to Europeans became sources of wealth for Portugal. Slave trade, trade in spices, gold, precious stones, precious woods, ivory, etc., brought huge profits to Portugal, which compensated for any losses in the dangerous business of developing distant territories.
But in 1578, the young Portuguese king Sebastian died in North Africa during an unsuccessful military expedition, and in 1580 the Spanish king Philip II sent the Duke of Alba to Portugal to seize the Portuguese throne. Although Philip was eventually elected King of Portugal, provided that the Kingdom of Portugal and its overseas territories did not become Spanish regions, and ruled Portugal under the name Philip I, all the same, Portuguese independence came to an end. When Portugal regained its sovereignty in 1640, many pieces of the colonial pie were lost forever.
Portuguese Republic - a country of seafarers
The proximity of the Atlantic Ocean and the long coast create ideal conditions for the development of navigation. At first, the ships did not go far from the coast. Later, during the great geographical discoveries, sailors began to make distant expeditions, which allowed Portugal to become one of the first colonial powers.Portugal occupies the western part of the Iberian Peninsula, and the length of its coastline is 832 km.
The small country of Portugal impresses with an abundance of both natural and historical attractions. The period called by historians “the dictatorship of Salazar-Caetano” (1926-1974) seemed to remove Portugal from the life of the rest of Europe for a long time and closed its huge cultural heritage to the world. But the country has successfully re-entered the community of European states, and today the beauties of Portugal are admired by millions of tourists.
Portugal has managed to preserve its natural landscapes and clean air. Sandy beaches in the southern part of the country are in no way inferior to the beaches of Italy or Spain, and the rocks of the north of the country, blown by the cold Atlantic winds, attract romantic travelers.
The Peneda-Gerês National Park is located in the northernmost part of Portugal. Attractions of these places - burials III-I! centuries BC e., stone Roman road signs, the ruins of Romanesque churches.
In the center of the northern part of the country, where the highest mountain range of Portugal, Serra da Estrela, is located, there is a ski resort. To the west of the Serra da Estrela grows the "magic forest" "Bucasu" with many rare species of animals and plants. This forest park has been guarded by monks for centuries. And in the protected area near the border with Spain, where the San Mamede Range is located, wild bears are still found.
In every region of Portugal there are ancient castles, beautiful palaces, monasteries, churches, cathedrals, museums. And of course, the palm belongs to the two largest cities in Portugal - Lisbon and Porto. There is a Portuguese proverb: "Braga offers prayers to the Lord, Coimbra sings, rejoices, and works hard."
The explanation is simple - there are many cathedrals and churches in Braga, in Coimbra there is an ancient university, where there are many students who are very fond of Portuguese urban romance fado. As for Lisbon, the resorts of Estoril and Cascais are located next to it, where fun really reigns.
The city, which is already 20 centuries old (it was founded by the Phoenicians), can probably afford a cheerful disposition. Although badly damaged after the famous earthquake, Lisbon still retained many monuments, such as the castle of St. George, the monastery of Jeronimos, the cathedral, the Belém tower (a vivid example of the Manueline architectural style (1515-1520)), which in the Middle Ages served as a harbor for Portuguese sailors. A huge statue of Jesus Christ (200 m), created in 1959 on the model of a monument in Rio de Janeiro, looks at the city from the high bank of the Tagus River. There are many museums here, including the Museum of Henry the Navigator.
Porto - "city-worker", gave the name not only to the famous wine, but to the whole country. By the way, it is in Porto that the port wine storage is located. And the bridge, built according to the project of Gustave Eiffel, leads to it.
general information
Official name: Portuguese Republic.Territorial-administrative division: the territory of continental Portugal is divided into 18 districts ("dishtrito"), which are divided into 308 municipal areas ("consells"), consisting of parishes ("freguesia"). Island territories ( and ) have the status of autonomous regions.
State structure: parliamentary republic.
Capital: Lisbon, 509,751 people (2006).
Language: Portuguese.
Currency: euro.
Religion: About 94% of the population is Catholic.
Autonomous regions: Madeira Island, Azores.
The largest rivers:, Guadiana.
The most important ports: Lisbon, Porto, Setubal, Faro.
Airports: Portela Airport (Lisbon); Pedras Rubras Airport (Porto); airport in Faro; Funchal, or Santa Catarina, is the airport of the island of Madeira; international airports of the Azores - on the islands of Santa Maria, San Miguel, Terceira.
Numbers
Area: 92,391 km2.Population: 10,707,924 (2009).
Population density: 115.8 people / km 2.
population growth: 0.305% per year.
Largest cities: Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Coimbra, Faro, Setubal.
highest points: Estrela (1993 m), Pico volcanic island (Azores) - (2351 m).
Border length: 1215 km (with Spain).
Coast: 832 km.
Climate and weather
Humid subtropical in the north and Mediterranean in the south.Winds blowing from the Atlantic Ocean significantly affect the climate of Portugal (most of all in the west and north).
Average annual temperature: +9°С,.+20°С in Porto, +11°С…+22°С in Lisbon, + 12°С…+24°С in Faro.
Economy
Portugal's GDP in 2008 was $245 billion.Purchasing power parity GDP per capita (estimated by the IMF) in 2008 $22,264
Three quarters of all production capacity in Portugal is concentrated in the areas of Lisbon-Setubal and Porto Braga-Aveiro. These are oil refining, chemical, steel, automotive, electronic, pulp and paper and food industries, production of building materials and electronic equipment. As well as the production of textiles, shoes, clothing, furniture, wine, pulp and paper products and a variety of consumer goods.
In Portugal, there are large mines and mining of tungsten, tin, chromium, and uranium. Tungsten is exported in significant volumes.
43% of the country's territory is used for agriculture. They cultivate grapes, figs, peaches, almonds, wheat, corn, potatoes, legumes, oats, rye, barley and rice, and also keep cattle. Portugal is one of the leading Western European wine exporting countries. Especially popular are Portuguese dessert wines, port and muscat, as well as rosé table wines. Developed fishing.
Successful forestry - a third of the country's territory is covered with forests. Portugal ranks first in the world in the production of cork oak, it provides half of the world's need for it.
Tourism is developed. At the end of 2008, tourism brought in a profit of 7 billion 520 million euros.
In 2009 - an increase of 20% (according to preliminary results).
Attractions
■ Lisbon(Jeronimos Monastery and Belém Tower, baroque churches, Ajuda Royal Palace and Alfama and Bairo Alto quarters);■ Palace of the Palacio da Pena in Sintra;
■ Monasteries in Alcobas, Batalha, Tomar;
■ Obidos(city fortress);
■ Coimbra(Church of Santa Cruz, Cathedral of Se Velha, old university);
■ Conimbriga(remains of an ancient Roman city);
■ Temple of Our Lady of Fatima in Fatima.
Curious facts
■ In 1493, the papacy mediated the division of the future colonial world between Spain and Portugal. And with a special bull he gave everything to the west of the Cape Verde Islands to Spain, and everything to the east to Portugal.■ The very life of Luis Camões (1524-1580), the author of the world-famous poem "The Lusiades", which tells about the historical events and achievements of Portugal and the discovery of India by the navigator Vas co da Gama, is a vivid evidence of the country's history. Poet, warrior, sailor, duelist, Camões lost one eye when he fought in Morocco, participated in a sea expedition to India, got rich in trade and lost his entire fortune during a shipwreck. The poet received a tiny pension from King Sebastian, to whom he dedicated his poem, and died in poverty.
■ The town of Fatima, where in 1917 the miraculous apparition of the Mother of God, seen by three small children, took place, is famous as a center of worship of the Virgin Mary. Thousands of pilgrims come here every year. The Lusiada, which tells about the historical events and achievements of Portugal and the discovery of India by the navigator Vasco da Gama, is a vivid evidence of the country's history. Poet, warrior, sailor, duelist, Camões lost one eye when he fought in Morocco, participated in a sea expedition to India, got rich in trade and lost his entire fortune during a shipwreck. The poet received a tiny pension from King Sebastian, to whom he dedicated his poem, and died in poverty.
■ The Lisbon earthquake on November 1, 1755 was one of the most tragic events of the 18th century. The city was almost immediately wiped off the face of the earth, thousands of people who were at that moment in the temples were buried under their ruins. The catastrophe was completed by a tsunami and fires. The most valuable historical documents disappeared without a trace in the fire - a manuscript written by King Charles V and dedicated to the history of Portugal, numerous medieval maps of the world, handwritten books of the Enlightenment and the first Portuguese printed books,
■ Fado, an urban romance played to the accompaniment of a twelve-string guitar, is a truly Portuguese genre. Usually it is a song about tragic love, drawn out and expressive. Professional fado performers - fadishtu - are popular all over the world today.
■ The town of Fatima, where in 1917 the miraculous apparition of the Mother of God, seen by three small children, took place, is famous as a center of worship of the Virgin Mary. Thousands of pilgrims come here every year.
Henry the Navigator. A large fleet has been built. Exploring the West Coast of Africa. The Azores and Canary Islands were discovered. Creation of a caravel.
The case begun by Henry the Navigator was continued by another Portuguese traveler Bartalameo Dias. In 1487, he undertook a sea expedition along the western coast of Africa and reached its southern tip, which he called the Cape of Good Hope.
While Spain continued its sea voyages to the west in search of India, Portugal did not abandon its attempts to reach India by the east.
In the summer of 1497, the Portuguese king Manuele I appointed one of the courtiers, a representative of an old noble family, to lead the expedition to India. Vasco da Gama.
The expedition passed along the western coast of Africa, then deviated to the southwest and went in a large arc to the Cape of Good Hope and, having rounded Africa, went further (now to the north) along the eastern coast of Africa to the equator.
Moving along the East African coast, the ships tried not to lose sight of the land. In the port Malindi Vasco da Gama hired an Arab pilot who led the Portuguese to India.
In August 1498, the expedition led by Vasco da Gamma set off on the return journey, and in July 1499 the ships entered the harbor of Lisbon. Portugal triumphed. Vasco da Gama was given the title of Don and also the title of Admiral of the Indian Sea. At the age of 65 (1524) he died in the city of Cochin in southern India.
The Portuguese sought to capture not so much vast territories as strategically important points that gave them the opportunity to control trade routes. These strongholds were: Aden at the exit from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean, Ormuz in the Persian Gulf. Thus, they completely blocked the old trade routes from Alexandria to India through the Red Sea, as well as from Syria to India through Mesopotamia.
In 1505–1510 the Portuguese create strongholds in India, capture Malacca. This gives them the opportunity to penetrate the Malay Archipelago and the birthplace of spices - the Moluccas.
Thus, the Portuguese cut off the main route connecting the countries of Western Asia with the Moluccas and entered the Pacific Ocean.
Thus, the sea route from Western Europe to India and East Asia was opened. Portugal became a colonial empire stretching from Gibraltar to the Strait of Malacca. From that time, until the opening of the Suez Canal in the 60s of the XIX century, the sea route around Africa was the main one along which trade was carried out between the countries of Europe and Asia and the penetration of Europeans into the basins of the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
13. Discoveries and conquests of Spain in the era of the VGO. Causes and effects. In the second half of the XV century. there was a union of the two largest states of the Iberian Peninsula - Castile and Aragon, which led to the creation of the Spanish monarchy. Spanish troops began to liberate the lands captured by the Arabs as early as 711. The last region liberated from the Arabs in 1492 was Granada. After that, Spain became the most powerful state on the Iberian Peninsula and could no longer put up with the dominance of the Portuguese at sea. The desire for leadership pushed the royal nobility to expand their territory, extract gold and capture slaves. But navigation and shipbuilding in Spain was poorly developed. Therefore, the Spanish monarchs resorted to the services of sailors from other countries. One of these navigators was the Italian Christopher Columbus.
Columbus offered his services to the kings of Portugal and Spain several times. Only in 1492 did he receive consent and funding. The journey began on August 3, 1492 from Seville. First, the ships reached the Canary Islands, and from there they headed due west into the open ocean and reached land on October 12 of the same year. It was one of the Bahamas in the Caribbean Sea, which the sailors, exhausted by a long voyage, called "San Salvador", which means "holy savior".
Continuing their navigation, the ships turned south and on October 25, 1492 reached the island of Cuba. Further, Columbus sent his ships along the coast of this island, turning east. He considered that this was not an island, but part of a large continent. All members of the expedition were sure that they had reached the shores of Japan, China or India. Conventionally, they called the open lands West Indies, and the locals - Indians.
Passing along the coast of Cuba and the island of Haiti, he turned back. In the spring of 1493 the travelers returned to Spain in triumph. For this journey, Columbus was granted a personal coat of arms and was awarded the rank of admiral.
After that, in 1493, 1498 and 1504, Columbus made three more trips, discovered many islands in the West Indies, explored the coast of Central America. But until the end of his life he was sure that he had reached Asia.
In subsequent years, the explorer Amerigo Vespucci proved that the lands were a new continent, and his name was soon attached to these lands. (1507 book by Martin Waldseemüler).
Columbus had many followers. The most famous travelers include:
Pedro Alvares Cabral, who discovered Brazil in 1500 on his way from Portugal to India;
Alonso de Ojeda who made three voyages to America. The members of his expedition were amazed to see a settlement on one of the coasts, where houses stood in the water on stilts, and canoes floated “through the streets”. The Spaniards called this place Little Venice - Venezuela.
Giovanni Caboto- Journey from England to North America (1497) Newfoundlen, Labrador. Lifeless forest place.
Jacques Cartier– (1534) discovered the St. Lawrence River (Quebec).
In 1513 the Spanish conquistador Vasco Nunez Balboa crosses the Isthmus of Panama and opens the South Sea - the Pacific Ocean.
The idea is circulating that there must have been a passage from the Atlantic Ocean to the South Sea (Pacific Ocean).
1519-1522 - first circumnavigation Ferdinand Magellan.
On April 27, 1521, during the civil strife, Magellan was killed. Juan Sebastian Elcano returned to Spain on the ship Victoria.
It was the first trip around the world in history that proved the Earth's sphericity. The great geographical discoveries contributed not only to the formation of the world market, but also to the development of international and cultural relations, the formation of permanent water and sea routes, which later became tourist routes.
Conquests of the Spanish conquistadors. E. Cortes, F. Pizarro
Another equally outstanding discoverer of lands in South America was Francisco Orellana. In 1541-42. the Spaniards crossed the Andes and went to the origins Amazons and for the first time explored the entire course of this river.
The discovery and development of new lands in Central and South America continued. The impetus for this was the gold coming to Europe, and eyewitness accounts of the untold riches of these places. A flood of treasure and adventure seekers poured into the New World. Most of them were poor, outcasts and runaway criminals. This created fertile ground for piracy and robbery at sea. Pirates robbed ships carrying gold to Spain. The stolen treasures were hidden on the islands of the Caribbean and the Pacific coast. Tortuga.
At the same time, the seizure of new lands continued. In the early 40s, the Spanish conquistadors conquered Chile and the Portuguese Brazil. In the second half of the XVI century. the Spaniards took over Argentina. This is how colonial possessions were created on the American mainland.
14. Marine discoveries of the "Dutch" stage of the VGO. Causes and effects. In the second half of the XVI century. Holland and England play the main roles in sea voyages.
The decline of Spain and Portugal. The reasons:
Economy (a lot of gold and silver, but not a developed industry, imports of goods from the Netherlands, England, France);
Politics (numerous wars on the European continent, no strength to master all the colonies). In 1581, Portugal was subordinated to Philip II of Spain.
1579 - Dutch independence from the Spanish Habsburgs. Industrial Revolution. Manufakutry, weaving. Shipbuilding. Maritime trade.
Active development of the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia.
The idea is to search for a new continent and the fabulous country of Ophir, where, according to legend, there were inexhaustible reserves of gold.
The first Dutch expedition to the Indian Ocean - 1595-1599 P. Houtman. During this expedition, the first colony of Holland was created - the island of Java.
The flow of spices to Europe increased. Dutch East India Company.
1605-06 Willem Janzon explores the northern coast of Australia (Cape York). Disembarkation. New Holland. It was believed that this is part of the southern mainland.
1616 expedition Dirk Hartog discovered the west coast of Australia.
1642-43 from the island of Java, an expedition set off to study the southern mainland. Abel Tasman. On a large ring rounded Australia from the west, approached the island of Tasmania, then to New Zealand. Proved that Australia is a separate mainland island. But he never approached her territory. "Outstanding Failure".
During the second journey, A. Tasman explored the northern coast of Australia and proved that the lands previously discovered by the Dutch are part of one mainland - Australia (New Holland).
The African port of Ceuta, captured by the Portuguese in 1418, became the first springboard for the implementation of the Atlantic expeditions. The main initiator and inspirer of the development of new lands was the Portuguese Infante Enrique (Henry). The nickname "Seafarer" given to him by his contemporaries testifies to the role he played in initiating long-distance sea voyages. The main task that Henry the Navigator set was to find out how far south of Africa the lands of Muslim states stretch.
It was supposed to lay a trans-African trade route bypassing the countries of Islam. Travels were also motivated by the search for the mythical Christian kingdom of Prester John. Some believed that it was located in the extreme East, others - in the South. Wealthy merchants and shipowners were involved in organizing the expedition. The first significant geographical discoveries of Portuguese navigators were the island of Madeira (1419) and the Azores (1427).
Geographical searches in the Middle Ages were held back in part by myths about the existence of the limits of the earth - boundaries, the crossing of which is mortally dangerous for humans. One of these limits was considered Cape Nun off the coast of modern Morocco. Starting from the 20s. 15th century this line was regularly crossed by Portuguese navigators. As a result, the myth about the limits of the ecumene was dispelled. After Captain Gil Eanesh reached Cape Bojador in 1434, the speed of sea progress to the south averaged one degree per year. In 1446, Captain Dinis Dias reached the territory of Senegal; a year later, another Portuguese captain, Alard Fernandez, advanced almost to the coast of Sierra Leone.
Travel was supported by the Catholic Church. According to the bull of 1455 of Pope Nicholas I, all the lands and seas discovered south of Cape Bojador were transferred to the possession of the Portuguese king Afonso V and his descendants. Since that time, the royal authorities of Portugal have set the task of laying a sea route around Africa to India. The context of the relevant papal decisions was determined by the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the capture of the old trade routes by the Ottoman Turks. In this regard, Afonso V was instructed to make a geographical map of the world.
In 1456, Captain Diogo Gomes reached the territory of modern Cape Verde. From the 60s. 15th century there is an active development of the African coast of the Gulf of Guinea, from where the Portuguese caravels delivered gold and ivory to Europe. However, the death in 1460 of Infante Enrique led to a sharp decline in the number of Portuguese travels.
A new impetus to the travels of Portuguese sailors was given in 1469 to the merchant Fernand Gomes the right to a monopoly on trade in the Gulf of Guinea. In exchange, Gomes undertook to explore 100 miles to the south for five years. Moving further south, the Portuguese sailors crossed the equator. The development of the Southern Hemisphere began.
Further development of the lands of southern Africa was facilitated by the opening in 1481 by King Juan II of a trading post on the Gold Coast. In 1482, the Portuguese entered the mouth of the Congo River, and by 1486 they reached the territory of Namibia. In 1488, an expedition led by Bartolomeu Dias reached the southernmost point of Africa, which he called "Cape of Storms." Rounding the African continent from the south, the European expedition traveled for the first time from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean. Almost at the same time, Pierre de Covilhã, secretly sent by the Portuguese king to search for the kingdom of Prester John, came overland to Ethiopia and India. The information he collected proved that there was a sea route from Europe to Asia. These discoveries of Portuguese travelers refuted the ideas that had prevailed since the time of Ptolemy about the encirclement of the Indian Ocean on all sides by land. The Cape of Storms was renamed the Cape of Good Hope by King John II, indicating the hope of reaching India by sea.
The pioneers of the Great geographical discoveries were Spain and Portugal, which arose during the Reconquista in the territories of the Iberian Peninsula conquered from the Moors. Since the Reconquista was coming to an end (the Moors were held only in the south - in Granada), the energy of the poor warlike nobility (Spanish hidalgos and Portuguese fidalgos) required a new application. In Portugal, the idea of conquest was born - the conquest of Africa, the purpose of which was to search for gold. However, starting in 1415, the land conquest bogged down, as the knightly cavalry was helpless in the African sands. The Portuguese prince Enrique, nicknamed the Navigator (1394-1460), decided to try the sea route along the coast of Africa. For many years he collected a secret archive, which accumulated Italian and Arabic maps and directions, hoping to go around Africa, enter the Indian Ocean basin and reach India. The expeditions equipped by Enrique explored the western coast of Africa - the Cape Verde Islands, modern Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ghana, finding here not only gold, but also an abundance of ivory, as well as African slaves. The Portuguese became the first suppliers of living goods in the 16th century. In 1586, Bartolomeu Dias reached the southern tip of Africa, naming it the Cape of Good Hope because a passage from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean was found. The Portuguese began to prepare for an expedition to India.
Simultaneously with Portugal, the search for this path began in Spain, whose kings - Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon - the Genoese Christopher Columbus proposed an original plan: to reach India, moving not to the east, but to the west. Columbus relied on a map of the world compiled by the famous physicist P. Toscanelli. The Spanish rulers were attracted by the promise of the Genoese to open sources of gold for them in India and China, they signed an agreement with Columbus, according to which he was appointed viceroy of all open lands that came under the rule of the Spanish crown. On August 3, 1492, on the ships "Santa Maria", "Pinta" and "Nina", he set off on his first voyage in the open ocean, which lasted more than two months.
On October 12, the sailors saw the land and landed on the island, calling it San Salvador (O. Guanahani), and then discovered and explored the larger Cuba and Haiti (the last island was called Hispaniola - Lesser Spain). Columbus was sure that he had found a way to Southeast Asia. A certain amount of gold found among the locals convinced him that India was close and that the mainland should be sought not far from the islands.
This was the aim of the II expedition of Columbus in 1493. Columbus explored Cuba, Haiti and discovered Jamaica. In the III expedition, he came closest to the mainland in the region of the mouth of the Orinoco River, but interrupted the journey due to lack of water and food. Since he never found the promised gold, he was arrested on libel and brought in chains to Spain. The dissatisfaction of the "Catholic kings" was also fueled by the fact that in 1498 the Portuguese Vasco da Gama reached India, rounding Africa. Columbus nevertheless received the right to organize the IV voyage, but was never able to discover the treasures of "India". In 1506 he died in poverty, until his last days being sure that he had opened the way to India.
After the discoveries of Columbus, many Spanish and Portuguese expeditions rushed to the West Indies; a participant in one of them, the Italian Amerigo Vespucci, was the first to suggest that the mainland discovered south of the Caribbean Sea was not India, but some kind of New World, later named America in his honor.
Meanwhile, the Portuguese began to actively consolidate their successes in the Indian Ocean basin. Once in India, they set themselves the task of finding a way to the "Spice Islands" and establishing their control over this lucrative trade. As a result, the path was found, the Portuguese arrived in the main port of the Moluccas - Malacca (1511). Since that time, they have become the main suppliers of spices to Europe, receiving up to 800% of the profit. The Portuguese crown maintained a monopoly on the import of spices, preventing a decrease in their prices. Moving further east, the Portuguese reached India and China.
The rivalry between Spain and Portugal on sea routes led to the first division of the world in history. In 1494, through the mediation of the Pope, an agreement was concluded in Tordesillas, according to which a conditional meridian (“papal meridian”) was drawn along the Atlantic Ocean west of the Azores along the 30th meridian: all newly discovered lands and seas that lay to the west of it , were declared dominions of Spain, to the east - of Portugal. This distinction was made only for the Atlantic Ocean. On the other side of the globe, such a division was not made, therefore, as the Pacific Ocean was explored, a clash occurred here when the Portuguese, moving from the west, and the Spaniards from the east, met in the Moluccas.
The realization that the West Indies of Columbus was a new continent did not dampen the desire of navigators to find a western route to India by circumnavigating America. After the detachment of Vasco Nunez Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 1513, it became known that the Pacific Ocean stretched beyond it, which he called the South Sea. The idea of finding a passage to the South Sea was hatched by an experienced Portuguese sailor Ferdinand Magellan, who entered the service of the Spanish king. In 1519, his squadron set off on the longest and most tragic voyage in history: they crossed the Atlantic and began to descend south along the coast of America in search of a passage to the Pacific Ocean, but were forced to stop for the winter in the Antarctic latitudes, not ready for the cold and meeting with icebergs. Continuing their journey, they discovered an extremely complex system of straits between the American mainland and Tierra del Fuego, in which they searched for a passage named after Magellan for three weeks. In November 1520, the ships entered the Pacific Ocean, the size of which no one imagined, while sailing on it, most of the crew died of hunger and thirst. The rest reached the Philippine Islands, where they received everything they needed. In gratitude for the reception, Magellan supported the local raja in his feuds with the inhabitants of the island of Matan, but died in a skirmish from a blow with a spear. His team managed to reach the Moluccas and take on board a cargo of spices.
Magellan's circumnavigation of the world was of great scientific importance, proving that the Earth is a sphere. In addition, the ship's log showed that by constantly going west, sailors "saved" 1 day in 3 years, and this proved that the Earth rotates around its axis. The political consequence of the first round-the-world voyage was the Treaty of Zaragoza in 1529, which demarcated the zones of influence of Spain and Portugal and in the Pacific Ocean.
The development of Central and South America by the Spaniards and the Portuguese, who, under the terms of the Treaty of Tordesillas, got Brazil, took the form of a conquest - conquest. The few detachments of noble conquistadors had an advantage over the Indians thanks to firearms and horses, which they saw for the first time. The goal of the conquistadors was to search for areas rich in gold.
On the Yucatan Peninsula, the conquistadors E. de Cordoba and J. Gvijalva encountered the highly developed culture of the Mayan people, who managed to conquer the local city-states thanks to internal strife. Further, the lands of the Aztecs, conquered by the detachment of E. Cortes, stretched. The conquest of Mexico lasted for several years, the last stronghold of resistance fell only at the end of the 17th century.
In search of gold and the mythical country of the Golden Man - Eldorado, the conquistadors also rushed south of the Isthmus of Panama. At the age of 30 15th century F. Pizarro's detachment invaded Peru and defeated the Great Inca, the leader of the powerful Inca state. At the same time, the detachment of D. Almagro conquered the territory of modern Chile and Paraguay. In Peru, Bolivia and Chile, the conquistadors found the richest deposits of gold and silver; in the middle of the 16th century. these mines already gave 1/2 of the world production of precious metals.
Simultaneously with the conquest, the migration of Spanish and Portuguese colonists to the New World began, to whom their sovereigns, who were considered the supreme owners of the occupied lands, transferred the right to exploit Indian communities, collect taxes, and organize forced labor.
In addition to the mines, the Spaniards and the Portuguese established extensive plantations in the New World, where slaves cultivated sugar cane, maize, tobacco and cotton. Coffee was brought here from Africa and soon began to be produced in large quantities and exported to Europe.
The kings of Spain and Portugal jealously guarded their new possessions. The colonists were forbidden to trade with foreign merchants. All goods from the New World went to Seville and Lisbon, and only there other Europeans could purchase them.
The Europeans also tried to find a way to India and China in the northwest direction: in search of it, the British explored the coast of North America and discovered the richest fisheries there in the Newfoundland region, the French were the first to discover Canada and, together with the British, explored Florida.
North America became the object of discovery somewhat later. And in addition to the Spaniards and the Portuguese, the French also took part in this. Already in May 1947. Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) has reached an unknown land, probably Fr. Labrador. The French navigators J. Verrazano (1524), J. Cartier (1534-1535) discovered the eastern coast of North America and the St. Lawrence River in Canada, and the Spanish travelers E. Soto and F. Coronado discovered the Southern Appalachians and the Young Rocky Mountains, the basins of the lower currents of the Colorado and Mississippi rivers. The nature of the development of North America by the colonists differed from the Spanish and Portuguese conquest. Settlers from England and France were engaged in agriculture, hunting, and fishing. Their relations with the Indians developed more peacefully than those of the Spaniards; North America did not know the mass bloody massacre in the 16th century. The displacement of the Indians from their lands to specially designated "reservations" began later, as the number of colonists increased.
For the next hundred years, the Spaniards and the Portuguese were busy developing the occupied territories and gave way to the Dutch and British in discoveries. Dutch navigator Barents in 1594. bypassed the western coast of Novaya Zemlya and in 1596. - Svalbard. The British in 1576-1631 bypassed the western coast of Greenland, discovered Baffin Island and, rounding the Labrador Peninsula - the shores of the Hudson Bay (M. Frobisher, J. Davis, G. Hudson, W. Baffin, etc.). Spaniard L. Torres in 1606 bypassed the southern coast of New Guinea (Torres Strait), and the Dutch Janszon, Tasman and others in 1606-1644. discovered the northern, western and southern coasts of Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand.
The discovery of the New World caused an unprecedented flowering of piracy in the Atlantic Ocean. Not wanting to put up with the Spanish monopoly in the New World, English, Dutch and French merchants went there with their goods at their own peril and risk. The Spaniards arrested merchant ships and confiscated goods; indignant victims turned to their sovereigns and received letters from them, allowing them to seize Spanish goods in response to compensate for their losses. Officially sanctioned piracy was called privateering.